Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
microorganism
A
an organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye
2
Q
types of microorganisms
A
bacteria, archae, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites
3
Q
why are viruses considered to be microorganisms?
A
they are not alive (they do not carry out respiration) but they do impact living things
4
Q
pathogenic
A
disease-causing
5
Q
six things that microorganisms do for us
A
decompose organic waster generate oxygen treat diseases produce chemical products produce fermented foods produce manufactured products
6
Q
TEM
A
transmission electron microscope: views inside a dead specimen
7
Q
SEM
A
scanning electron microscope: view surface of specimen
8
Q
epidemic
A
widespread outbreak of infectious disease
9
Q
endemic
A
localized outbreak of infectious disease
10
Q
Carolus Linneaus established
A
system of scientific binomial nomenclature
11
Q
scientific name consists of
A
genus and specific epithet
12
Q
species
A
two organisms that can mate and reproduce a viable offspring
13
Q
why is it difficult to classify bacteria?
A
horizontal gene transfer allows the sharing of genetic material without being related
14
Q
why was Escherichia coli given its name?
A
discovered by Theodor Escherich
lives in the colon
15
Q
three domains of life in order of appearance
A
archae bacteria - no nucleua
(eu)bacteria - no nucleus
eukaryo - nucleus
16
Q
prokaryotes
A
unorganized nucleus
consists of bacteria and archae
17
Q
bacteria have cell walls made of
A
peptidoglycan (carbohydrate, peptide protein)
18
Q
bacteria divide by means of
A
binary fission
19
Q
bacteria get energy from
A
organic or inorganic chemicals
photosynthesis
20
Q
archae have cell walls made of
A
they do not have cell walls
21
Q
archae live in
A
extreme environments
22
Q
three examples of archae
A
methanogens
halophiles
thermophiles
23
Q
methanogens
A
produce methane in anaerobic conditions
24
Q
halophiles
A
live in environments with high salt concentrations
25
thermophiles
live in environments with extremely high temperatures or low (acidic) pHs
26
eukaryotes
have defined nucleus
27
eukaryotic microorganisms
fungi
protozoa
algae
multicellular animal parasites
28
fungi cell wall is made up of
chitin
29
fungi gets nutrients by
absorbing organic chemicals
30
unicellular fungi
yeasts
31
multicellular fungi
molds and mushrooms
32
mold
masses of mycelia, composed of hyphae (filaments)
33
protozoa get nutrients by
absorbing or ingesting organic chemicals
34
how can protozoa be motile?
pseudopod
cilia
flagella
35
where can protozoa live?
free living or parasitic
36
algae cell wall is made up of
cellulose
37
algae live in
freshwater, salt water, or soil
38
algae get energy
photosynthesis
39
algae produce
carbohydrates and oxygen
40
multicellular animal parasites are considered microorganisms because
they have microscopic stage in life cycle
41
helminths
parasitic flat and round worms that have microscopic early life stage
42
viruses are considered to be
acellular (not living)
43
viruses genetic material
DNA OR RNA core
44
virus core may be surrounded by
protein coat
| lipid envelope
45
viruses can replicate when
living in an active host cell
46
what if a virus is not inside of an active host cell?
it may remain inert for minutes to years depending on the virus
47
Carl Woese
classified Archae
48
Hooke
reported living things are composed of little boxes (cells)
| marks beginning of cell theory
49
van Leeuwenhoek
observed first microbes (animalcules) through magnifying glass
50
spontaneous generation
hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter
51
biogenesis
hypothesis that living cells only arise from preexisting living cells
52
Redi
decaying meat experiment
showed that maggots come from fly eggs, not the meat
supported biogenesis
53
Needham
boiled broth in covered flask experiment
microbial growth because he did not heat the broth enough
supported spontaneous generation
54
Spallanzani
boiled nutrient solution in sealed flask
no microbial growth because he heated the broth enough to kill the microbes
supported biogenesis
55
Pasteur
boiled nutrient broth in flask, one sealed, one open
microbial growth in open flask
demonstrated microbes are present in air - biogenesis
56
Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914, began with Pasteur's work
57
discoveries during the Golden Age
biogenesis
relationship between microbes and disease
immunity
antimicrobial drugs
58
discoveries during the Golden Age: fermentation
microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air
| Pasteur
59
discoveries during the Golden Age: microbial growth responsible for
spoilage of food and beverages
| bacteria spoils wine by converting it to acetic acid
60
discoveries during the Golden Age: pasteurization
application of a high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
61
Germ Theory of Disease
some diseases are cause by microorganisms
62
Bassi
showed a silkworm disease was caused by fungus
63
Pasteur's contribution to Germ Theory
showed another silkworm disease was caused by protozoan
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Semmelweis
advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever
65
Lister
used chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infection
proved microbes cause surgical wound infections
66
Lister applied whose work for his discovery
Pasteur
67
Lister's discovery caused surgical complications to drop
95%
68
Koch
discovered bacterium causes anthrax
69
what is Koch's Postulates?
experimental steps to demonstrate that specific microbe causes a specific disease
70
what are Koch's Postulates?
1. observe ill person and extract infected tissue
2. grow cultures in lab
3. inoculate a healthy person
4. if previously healthy person shows same symptoms, proves that illness is contagious
71
Jenner
inoculated healthy person with cowpox virus - subject became immune to smallpox
72
vaccination is derived from the Latin word
vacca - cow
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immunity
protection
| can be passive or active
74
attenuated
weakened virus in vaccines to allow body to form antibodies (passive immunity)
75
chemotherapy
treatment of disease with chemicals
76
agents for treatment can either be
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
77
antibiotics
chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes
78
why have some strains of bacteria become resistant to drugs?
overuse
not finishing prescription
sharing prescriptions
79
first synthetic drug
quinine tree bark used to treat malaria
80
Ehrlich
speculated about "magic bullet" that could destroy pathogen without harming host
81
what drug did Ehrlich develop and what did it treat?
salvarsan
| syphilis
82
what was synthesized in the 1930s
sulfonamides - synthetic antimicrobial agents that serve as basis for many drugs
83
Fleming
discovered first antibiotic by accident
| noticed bacteria free are around fungul growth in a petri dish
84
first antibiotic discovered
Penicillin, secreted by Penicillium notatum (fungus)
85
study of bacteria
bacteriology
86
study of fungus
mycology
87
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
parisitology
88
study of viruses
virology
89
Iwanowski and Stanley
discovered virus causes of mosaic disease of tobacco
90
study of immunity
immunology
91
how are viruses prevented
use of vaccines and interferons
92
Lancefield
classified streptococci based on cell wall components
93
gram positive
shows purple stain
| peptidoglycan wall retains dye
94
gram negative
shows red or pink stain
| peptidoglycan wall is not outermost layer so dye is washed away
95
microbial genetics
study of how microbes inherit traits
96
molecular biology
study of how DNA directs protein synthesis
97
genomics
study of organism's genes
| provides new tools for classifying microorganisms
98
recombinant DNA
DNA made from two different sources
99
Berg
inserted animal DNA into bacterial DNA
| bacteria produced animal protein
100
Beadle and Tatum
showed genes encode a cell's enzymes
101
Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
showed DNA is hereditary material
102
Watson, Crick
proposed model of DNA structure
103
Jacob and Monod
discovered role of mRNA in protein synthesis
104
Microbial Ecology
study of relationship between microorganisms and envrionment
| bacteria convert C, O, N, S, P into usable forms
105
bioremediation
using microbes to clean up pollutants (degrade organic material in sewage, oil, mercury, etc.)
106
microbes that are pathogenic to insects are
alternatives to pesticides
107
Bacillus thuringiensis
infections from Bt are fatal in insects but harmless to plants and animals
decreases usage of chemical pesticides
108
biotechnology
use of microbes for practical applications (food, chemical, pharmacology industries)
109
recombinant DNA technology
enables bacteria and fungi to produce variety of proteins, vaccines, enzymes
110
gene therapy
can replace missing or defective genes in humans
111
GMO
genetically modified organisms used to prevent crops from insects, freezing
112
normal microbiota
microbes normally presented in/on human body
113
what does normal microbiota do?
prevent growth of pathogens
produce growth factors (vitamins B, K)
create resistance
114
resistance
ability of body to ward off disease
115
resistance factors
skin, stomach acid, antimicrobial chemicals (sebum, tears, etc.)
116
biofilms
microbes attach to sold surface and grow into masses
117
biofilms can grow on
rocks, pipe, teeth, medical implants, etc.
118
how are biofilms harmful?
can cause infection, often resistant to antibiotics
119
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new disease and disease increasing incidence
120
EIDs occur when
pathogen invades host and overcomes host's resistance
121
EIDs are caused by
water, air, or food borne viruses, bacteria, or protozoans
122
Middle East Respiratory System (MERS) caused by
MERS-CoV (coronavirus)
123
MERS is common to
SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
124
MERS caused
100 deaths in Middle East from 2012-2014
125
Avian Influenza A (H5N1)
influenza A virus primarily in waterfowl and poultry
| sustained human-human transmission not yet occured
126
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
became resistant to penicillin, them methicillin, than vancomycin
127
VISA
vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus
128
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
129
West Nile Encephalitis (WNE) caused by
West Nile virus
130
WNE first diagnosed in
Uganda, 1937
131
WNE first appeared in United States in
New York City, 1999
132
WNE transmitted from
birds to horses to humans by mosquitoes
133
E. Coli 0157 H7
toxin-producing strain of E. Coli that causes bloody diarrhea
134
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF)
Ebola virus that causes fever, hemorrhaging, clotting
| Transmitted via contact with infected blood/body fluids
135
Cryptosporidiosis
Caused by cryptosporidium protozoa
Causes 30% of diarrheal illness in developing countries
Transmitted by water
136
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Sexually transmitted disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
137
How many people are affected by AIDS?
35 million worldwide, 6000 new infections each day
138
Demographics of AIDS patients
26% are female, 49% are African-American
139
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Caused by prion that also causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
140
New variant of CJD in humans related to
Cattle that were fed with prion-infected sheep meat
141
Bovine
Sponge
Enceph
Cattle
Makes tissue spongy
Brain
