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Microbiology > Chapter 4: Microbial Growth Control > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Microbial Growth Control Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

sepsis

A

bacterial contamination

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2
Q

example of sepsis

A

severe infection

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3
Q

asepsis

A

absence of significant contamination (normal microbiota)

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4
Q

aseptic surgery techniques prevent

A

microbial contaminatoin of wounds

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5
Q

sterilization

A

removing and destroying all microbial life

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6
Q

why is sterilization not always effective

A

come bacteria can resist sterilization via endospore

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7
Q

commercial sterilization

A

killing C. botulinum endospores from canned goods

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8
Q

commercial sterilization focuses on

A

time, temperature, presure

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9
Q

disinfection

A

destroying harmful microorganisms

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10
Q

antisepsis

A

destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue

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11
Q

degerming

A

mechanical removal of microbes from limited area

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12
Q

sanitization

A

lowering mocrobial counts on eating utensils to safe levels

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13
Q

biocide (germicide)

A

treatments that kill microbes

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14
Q

biocide used for

A

BSL3 or 4 to fight back against biowarfare

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15
Q

bacteriostasis

A

inhibiting microbes (not killing them)

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16
Q

methods of bacteriostasis

A

fridge, oven, microwave, freezing

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17
Q

most critical part of exponential death rate

A

first minute

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18
Q

plotting exponential death rate logarithmically results in

A

straight line

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19
Q

effectiveness of treatment depends on

A

number of microbes
environment (organic matter, temp, biofilms)
time of exposure
microbial characteristics

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20
Q

the higher the population, the

A

longer it will take to kill

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21
Q

actions of microbial control agents

A

alteration of membrane permeability
damage to proteins
damage to nucleic acids

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22
Q

what denatures enzymes

A

heat

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23
Q

thermal death point (TDP)

A

lowest temp at which all cells in liquid culture are killed in 10 minutes

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24
Q

thermal death time (TDT)

A

minimal time to kill all bacteria in liquid culture at a particular temperature

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25
decimal reduction time (DRT)
minutes to kill 90% of population at a given temperature
26
what denature proteins
moist heat
27
3 exampless of moist heat
boiling, free flowing system, autoclave
28
autoclave
steam under pressure; 121 degrees C at 15psi for 15 min
29
in order for an autoclave to kill all organisms and endospores, steam must
contact all surface of the item - larger items require longer time
30
what iss used to indicate sterility
test strips
31
pasteurization reduces
spoilage organisms and pathogens
32
pasteurization treatments
63 degrees C for 30 min HTST UHT
33
high temp short time
72 degrees C for 15 seconds
34
ultra high temp
140 degrees C for 4 seconds
35
what type of organisms survive pasteurization
thermoduric organisms
36
dry heat sterilization kills by
oxidation
37
3 examples of dry heat
flaming, incineration, hot-air sterilization
38
filtration
passage of substance through screen-like material
39
filtration used for
heat-sensitive materials
40
HEPA filters
high-efficiency particulate air filters remove microbes > 0.3 micrometers (some viruses)
41
treating microbes with low temp has
bacteriostatic effect
42
3 examples of low temp treatment
fridge, deep freeze, lyophilization
43
what denatures proteins other than heat
high pressure
44
desiccation
absence of water prevents metabolism
45
osmotic pressure uses
salts/sugars to create hypertonic environment to cause plasmolysis
46
ionizing radiation
ionizes water to creat reactive hydroxyl radicals
47
3 examples of ionizaing radiation
x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams
48
ionizing radiation damages DNA by
causing lethal mutations
49
2 examples of nonionizing radiation
UV, 260 nm
50
nonionizing radiation damages DNA by
creating thymine dimer
51
microwaves kill by
heat, but doesnt kill to an acceptable level
52
principles of effective disinfectant
concentration, what type of organic matter, pH, time
53
use-dilution test
metal cylinders dipped in test bacteria - placed in disinfectant (10min at 20C) - transfer to culture media to determine if any survived
54
if use-dulation test indicates a disinfectant is ineffective, what should happen
increase concentration, time, or heat
55
disk-diffusion test
evaluates efficacy of chemical agents - filter paper disks soaked in chemical and placed on culture - measure zone of inhibition
56
phenol and phenolics work by
injure lipids of plasma membrane causing leakage, denature enzymes
57
phenolics used in
environmental surfacess, instruments, skin surfaces, mucous membranes
58
bisphenol
two phenol groups connected by a bridge
59
bisphenols work by
disruption of plasma membrane
60
bisphenols used in
disinfectant hand soaps and skin lotions
61
2 examples of bisphenols
hexachlorophene and triclosan
62
biguanides work by
disrupting plasma membrane
63
example of bugianide
chlorhexidine
64
biguanide used in
surgical hand scrubs
65
examples of halogens
iodine, chlorine
66
iodine works by
impair protein synthesis and alter membrane, oxidizing agent
67
iodine tincture
solution in aqueous solution
68
iodine iodophor
combined with organic molecule
69
cholrine works by
oxidation - shuts down cellular enzyme systms
70
bleach is
hypochlorous acid HOCl
71
chloramine is
chlorine + ammonia
72
chlorines used to
disinnfect dairy equipment, eating utensils, household items, glassware
73
alcohol works by
dennature protein and dissolves lipids
74
alcohol has no effect on
endospores or nonenveloped viruses (ebola)
75
2 examples of alcohol
ethanol, isopropyl - requires water for application
76
alcohol used for
thermometers, swabbing skin before injection
77
heavy metals and their compounds work by
denature enzymes and proteins
78
oligodynamic action
very small amounts exert antimicrobial activity
79
four heavy metals
silver, mercury, copper, zinc
80
silver nitrate
prevents ophthalmia neonatorum
81
mercuric chloride
prevents mildew in paint
82
copper sulfate
algicide
83
zinc chloride
mouthwash
84
3 types of surface-active agents
soap, acid-anionic sanitizers, quats
85
soap
degerming, emulsification
86
acid-anionic sanitizers
anions react with plasma membrane
87
acid-anionic sanitizers used in
dairy and food processing industries
88
quaternary ammonium compunds
cations are bactericidal - denature proteins, inhibit enzymes, disrupt plasma membrane
89
quats used in
antiseptic for skin, instruments, utensils, rubber goods
90
3 chemical food preservatives
sulfur dioxide, organic acids, nitrates/nitrites
91
sulfur dioxide
prevents wine spoilage
92
organic acids work by
inhibit metabolism
93
3 examples of organic acids that prevent mold
sorbic acid, benzoic acid, calcium propionate
94
nitrates and nitrites prevent
endospore germination
95
nitrates and nitrites used in
pork products
96
2 examples of antibiotics
bacteriocins, nisin/natamycin
97
bacteriocins
proteins produced by one bacterium that inhibits another
98
nisin and natamycin
prevent spoilage of cheese
99
aldehydes work by
inactivate proteins by cross-linking with functional groups
100
aldehydes used for
preserving specimens and medical equipment
101
3 examples of aldehydes
formaldehyde, ortho-phthalaldehyde, glutaraldehyde
102
glutaraldehyde
one of few liquid-sterilizing agents
103
chemical sterilization
gaseous sterilants cause alkylation by c
104
alkylation
replacing H of a chemical group with a free radical
105
chemical sterilization works by
cross-links nucleic acids and proteins
106
chemical sterilization used for
heat sensitive materials
107
example of chemical sterilization and where it comes from
ethylene oxide - ripening fruit
108
plasma
fourth state of matter, electrically excited gas
109
plasma works by
free radicals destroy microbes
110
plasma used for
tubular instruments
111
supercritical fluids
CO2 with gasoues and liquid properties
112
supercritical fluids used for
medical implants
113
peroxygens and oxygen work by
oxidizing agents
114
peroxygens and oxygen used for
contaminated surgaces and food packaging
115
examples of peroxygens and oxygen
O3, H2O2, peracetic acid

Microbiology (8 decks)

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