Chapter 2: Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

provides energy and building blocks for anabolism

polymers to monomers

Question 3

anabolism (lysis)

Answer 3

uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules (synthesis)
monomers to polymers

Question 4

metabolic pathway

Answer 4

sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

Question 5

metabolic pathway sequence prevents

Answer 5

overproduction

Question 6

equation for ATP

Answer 6

ADP + P(i)= ATP

Question 7

collision theory

Answer 7

chemical reactions occur when atoms collide

Question 8

activation energy

Answer 8

minimum energy needed to disrupt electronic configuration and allow reaction to occur

Question 9

what do enzymes do to activation energy

Answer 9

decrease it, thus increasing reaction rate

Question 10

reaction rate

Answer 10

frequency of collisions with enough energy for a reaction

Question 11

reaction rate can be increased by

Answer 11

enzyme, increase in temp or pressure

Question 12

enzymes

Answer 12

biological catalysts, protein, specific to a certain substance, not used in a reaction

Question 13

components of enzymes

Answer 13

apoenzymes, cofactor, holoenzymes

Question 14

apoenzymes

Answer 14

inactive enzymes

Question 15

holoenzymes

Answer 15

active enzymes

Question 16

coenzymes

Answer 16

NAD+ (vitamin B-12), NADP+, FAD

Question 17

how can enzymes be denatured

Answer 17

temperature or pH

Question 18

what influences enzyme activity

Answer 18

substrate concentration

Question 19

competitive inhibitors

Answer 19

inhibitor fits into active site and directly blocks substrate from binding

Question 20

noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 20

inhibitor fits into allosteric site - changes shape of active site indirectly preventing substrate from binding

Question 21

feedback inhibition

Answer 21

controls amount of substrate produced by a cell, usually allosteric inhibition
final product serves as noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 22

confirmational change

Answer 22

changing shape of protein

Question 23

redox reaciton

Answer 23

oxidation, reduction

LEO says GER

Question 24

biological oxidations are often

Answer 24

dehydrogenations

Question 25

ATP

Answer 25

adenosine triphosphate

Question 26

adenosine

Answer 26

adenine and ribose

Question 27

phosphorylation

Answer 27

adding phosphate to ADP to make ATP

Question 28

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 28

transfer of high energy PO4- to ADP (free floating enzyme in cytosol)

Question 29

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 29

transfer of electrons from one compound to another to generate ATP by chemiosmosis

Question 30

photosynthesis reduction equation

Answer 30

H2O + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O

Question 31

chemosynthesis equation

Answer 31

H2S + CO2 -> C6H12O6 + S

Question 32

3 steps of aerobic respiration

Answer 32

glycolysis kreb's cycle oxidative phosphorylation

Question 33

glycolysis

Answer 33

multistep breakdown of glucose into pyruvate generates net 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 34

glycolysis occurs where

Answer 34

cytoplasm

Question 35

glycolysis is oldest pathway because

Answer 35

doesn't need O2 every lifeform uses it occurs in cytoplasm

Question 36

alternate pathways

Answer 36

pentose phosphate and entner-doudoroff

Question 37

pentose phosphate

Answer 37

yields net gains of only 1 ATP for each glucose

Question 38

entner-doudoroff

Answer 38

yields 2 NADPH and 1 ATP

Question 39

kreb's cycle

Answer 39

oxidation of acetyl CoA

Question 40

kreb's cycle occurs in

Answer 40

mitochondrial matrix

Question 41

transition step generates

Answer 41

acetyl CoA from pyruvate (decomposition)

Question 42

krebs cycle produces

Answer 42

2 ATP and 3 NADH and precursor metabolites

Question 43

electron transport chain occurs in

Answer 43

cristae of mitochondria

Question 44

ETC formed by

Answer 44

series of cytochromes (electron carriers)

Question 45

redox reactions in ETC

Answer 45

electron carriers from glycolysis and krebs cycle transfer their electrons to ETC

Question 46

pmf

Answer 46

proton motive force

Question 47

in chemiosmosis, pmf generates

Answer 47

energy via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 48

main purpose of krebs cycle is to

Answer 48

harvest hydrogen to be used in ETC

Question 49

three ways of disrupting ATP synthesis

Answer 49

block cytochrome knock out ATPase make phosphobilipid layer leaky

Question 50

final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration

Answer 50

inorganic molecule NO3-, SO4-2

Question 51

practical uses of fermentation

Answer 51

spoilage of food, alcohol or acidic dairy production, industrial processes

Question 52

amylase

Answer 52

digests carbohydrates

Question 53

cellulase

Answer 53

digests cellulose (only bacteria and fungi have this enzyme)

Question 54

protein digested by

Answer 54

extracellular proteases into amino acids

Question 55

how to break down amino acids into organic acids

Answer 55

deamination decarboxylation dehydrogenation desulfurylation

Question 56

chemoheterotroph

Answer 56

use same organic compound as energy source and carbon source