Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology

Question 1

Sequalae

Answer 1

Conditions resulting from a disease

Question 2

Prevalence

Answer 2

A statistical measure that refers to the number of cases of a disease found in a given population

Question 3

Syndrome

Answer 3

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific abnormal disturbance

Question 4

Traumatic

Answer 4

Pertaining to the effects of a wound or injury, whether physical or psychological

Question 5

Virulence

Answer 5

The ease with which an organism overcomes body defenses

Question 6

Genetic Mapping

Answer 6

A map assigning deoxyribonucleic (DNA) fragments to chromosomes.

Question 7

Manifestations

Answer 7

Observable changes resulting from cellular changes in the disease process.

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Conversion of a specific type of tissue into a different kind of tissue.

Question 9

Metastatic spread

Answer 9

The spread of cancer cells.

Question 10

Which of the following terms refers to abnormal changes in mature cells?

Answer 10

Dysplasia

Question 11

Hypertrophy

Answer 11

Increase in number of cells and tissue resulting in an increased organ size without the presence of a tumor.

Question 12

Iatrogenic

Answer 12

Pertains to any adverse condition that occurs in a patient as a result of medical treatment.

Question 13

Mortality Rate

Answer 13

Is the average number of deaths caused by a particular disease in a population

Question 14

Autoantibodies

Answer 14

Antibody acting against its own tissue or organism.

Question 15

Autoimmune Disorders

Answer 15

Disease in which antibodies form against and injure the patient’s own tissues, in contrast to the normal process in which antibodies form in response to foreign antigens.

Question 16

Benign Neoplasm

Answer 16

A localized tumor of well-differentiated cells that does not invade surrounding tissue or metastasize to distant areas within the body.

Question 17

Morphology

Answer 17

The form and structure of disease

Question 18

Idiopathic

Answer 18

Having no identifiable causative factor.

Question 19

8. If 4000 cases of a given disease are found in a given population, the _______ of the disease is defined.
   a. Incidence
   b. Morphology
   c. Metabolism
   d. Prevalence

Answer 19

d. Prevalence

Question 20

Degenerative

Answer 20

Refers to deterioration of the body usually associated with the aging process.

Question 21

Diagnosis

Answer 21

The name of a disease an individual is believed to have.

Question 22

Disease

Answer 22

Any abnormal disturbance of the normal function or structure of a body part, organ, or system; may display a variety of manifestations.

Question 23

Sickness sufficient to interfere with normal daily routines is termed:
A: Etiology 
B: Morbidity
C: Mortality
D: Pathogenesis

Answer 23

B: Morbidity

Question 24

Invasion

Answer 24

The prolapse of a segment of bowel into a distal segment

Question 25

Lesion

Answer 25

General term used to describe the various types of cellular changes that can occur in response to a disease

Question 26

Leukemia

Answer 26

A malignant disease of the leukocytes and their precursor cells in blood and bone marrow

Question 27

A neoplasticism growth is evaluated to determine its degree of histologic differentiation. This is termed: A. Grading B. Metastasis C. Morphology D. Staging

Answer 27

Grading

Question 28

A DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between members of a biological species or paired chromosomes in an individual

Answer 28

SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPs)

Question 29

A type of tumor, often highly malignant, composed of a substance similar to embryonic connective tissue

Answer 29

Sarcoma

Question 30

Traveling of cancerous cells to a distant site or distant organ

Answer 30

SEEDING

Question 31

An objective manifestation of disease that is detected by the physician during examination

Answer 31

SIGN

Question 32

Any subjective evidence of a disease as perceived by the patient

Answer 32

SYMPTOM

Question 33

A compression fracture of the lumbar spine that results from steroid treatments for pain reduction of arthritis would be an example of ____________ disease. a. Degenerative b. Iatrogenic c. Idiopathic d. Traumatic

Answer 33

b. Iatrogenic

Question 34

Carcinoma

Answer 34

A malignant growth composed of epithelial cells that tends to invade surrounding tissues and give rise to metastasis

Question 35

Chronic

Answer 35

Presenting slowly and persisting over a long period of time

Question 36

Congenital

Answer 36

Existing at, and usually before, birth and resulting from genetic or environmental factors

Question 37

``` Review question three: A disease such as Tay-Sachs syndrome that is transmitted genetically is termed: a. Congenital b. Hereditary c. Metabolic d. Neoplastic ```

Answer 37

B

Question 38

Neoplastic

Answer 38

Pertaining to new, abnormal tissue growth

Question 39

Morbidity Rate

Answer 39

The incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individual’s normal daily routine

Question 40

Acute

Answer 40

Having a quick onset and lasting a short period of time with a relatively severe course

Question 41

Pathogenesis

Answer 41

Refers to the sequence of events producing cellular changes that ultimately leading to observable changes.

Question 42

Asymptomatic

Answer 42

Showing or causing no identifiable symptoms

Question 43

Atrophy

Answer 43

A reduction in size or a wasting of cells, tissues, or organs as a result of poor nutrition or nonuse

Question 44

Hematogenous Spread

Answer 44

Spread through the blood

Question 45

Physical mapping

Answer 45

A form of genetic mapping based on direct analysis of DNA , in which the physical distance between DNA, fragments are measured. This is used to assign DNA fragments to specific chromosomes.

Question 46

Hereditary

Answer 46

Genetically transferred from ethier parent to child & derived from ancestors

Question 47

Prognosis

Answer 47

The prediction of course and outcome for a given disease.

Question 48

Hyperplasia

Answer 48

Overdevelopment

Question 49

The prediction of the course and end of a disease and an outlook based on that prediction best define its: A) Diagnosis B) Etiology C) Prognosis D) Syndrome

Answer 49

C) Prognosis

Question 50

Genome

Answer 50

The entirety of an organism's hereditary information, including both the genes and the non-coding sequences of DNA and ribonucleic acid

Question 51

Haplotype

Answer 51

A combination of DNA sequences at adjacent locations on the chromosome that are transmitted together

Question 52

A disease that manifests slowly and is present for a long period is said to be?

Answer 52

Chronic

Question 53

``` Review Question #7: Which of the following disease classifications is usually associated with the normal aging process? A. Congenital B. Degenerative C.Inflammatory D. Metabolic ```

Answer 53

B. Degenerative

Question 54

Nosocomial

Answer 54

Originating or taking place in a hospital, acquired in a hospital, especially in reference to an infection.

Question 55

Incidence

Answer 55

A statistical measure that refers to the number of new cases of a disease found in a given period of time.

Question 56

Infection

Answer 56

An inflammatory process caused by exposure to some disease-causing organism.

Question 57

Inflammatory

Answer 57

Refers to the body process of destroying, diluting, or walling off a localized injurious agent.

Question 58

Lymphatic spread

Answer 58

Spread through the lymphatic system.

Question 59

Lymphoma

Answer 59

Neoplasticism growth in the lymphatic system.

Question 60

Malignant neoplasm

Answer 60

A lesion that grows, spreads, and invades other tissues.

Question 61

Generalized increase in cell size refers to?

Answer 61

Hyperplasia

Question 62

``` Review Question 5: Which of the following would be considered a symptom of a disease process? A. Bloody stool B. Nausea C. Skin Rash D. Swelling ```

Answer 62

B. Nausea

Question 63

Dysplasia

Answer 63

the abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ.

Question 64

Etiology

Answer 64

The cause or origin of the disease

Question 65

Epidemiology

Answer 65

Study and control of disease or injury patterns in human populations

Question 66

Review Question 9: ``` The relative ease with which an organism can overcome normal bodily defenses refers to its: A. Infection B. Necrosis C. Pestilence D. Virulence ```

Answer 66

D. Virulence.