Chapter 1- Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Discovery of Cells:
- Englishman
- Made his own compound microscope
- Looked at a thin section of Cork under a microscope
- he saw what he described as many compartments or _________
- Published micrographia, but was ridiculed for wasting his time
A
Robert Hooke
Cells
2
Q
Discovery of Cells
- Made simple microscopes
- Looked at pond water and teeth scrapings
- Described many types of small organisms
- Even described the _____________
A
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Chloroplasts
3
Q
Discovery of Cells
- English Botanists
- Stated that every plant cell contained a _________
A
Robert Brown
Nucleus
4
Q
The Development of Cell Theory
- was a lawyer
- looked at plant cells
- plant embryos come from _______________
A
Matthias Schneiden
One Cell
5
Q
The Development of Cell Theory
- German Zoologist
- Noted that all Animals are _________
A
Theodore Schwan
made of Cells
6
Q
What are the first two tenants of Cell theory?
A
- All organisms are made of Cells
- The cell is the smallest structural unit of life
7
Q
The Development of Cell Theory
- German Pathologist
- he discovered the third tenant of Cell Theory:_____________________________
A
Rudolf Virchow
All Cells come from pre-existing cells
8
Q
The Development of Cell theory
- disproved spontaneous generation
- Linked living organisms to processes such as _____________
A
Louis Pasteur
Fermentation
9
Q
The Development of Cell Theory
- studied the Nervous System
- thought the Nervous System was syncytium, a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
- he developed the stain to see the ____________
A
Camillo Golgi
Golgi Apparatus
10
Q
a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
A
syncytium
11
Q
this allows for more detailed viewing of: ________
- cell membranes
- organelles
- cellular junctions
- cytoskeleton
- synapses
A
Electron Microscopy
Cells
invented by german scientists
12
Q
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- first to make and organic compound out of inorganic compounds
- was able to produce urea
A
Frederich Wholer
13
Q
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- discovered ____________
- used yeast cell extracts can cause fermentation
- living cells are not required to carry out biochemical reactions
A
Eduard and Hans Buchner
enzymes
14
Q
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- developed centrifugation
- Developed a method to isolate organelles and macromolecules
A
Svedberg
15
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- published the _________________
- called mendelian genetics
- developed the principles of
- segregation of heredity factors
- independent assortment of Hereditary Factors
A
Gregor Mendel
“Laws of Genetics”
16
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
First to isolate DNA from pus and salmon sperm
he called this Nuclein
A
Johann Friedrich Miescher
17
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
Described _________ in dividing cells
A
chromosomes
18
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- links chromosomes to heredity factors
- developed the chromosomal theory of inheritance
A
Walter Sutton
19
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- Links specific traits to chromosomes
- he developed ________________
A
Thomas Hunt Morgan Sturtevant
genetic mapping
20
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- he developed the ____________
- used Streptococcus rough and smooth strands
A
Frederich Griffith
transforming principle
21
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- demonstrated that DNA must carry the genetic information not protein
- not totally accepted
A
Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod and Macyn McCarty
22
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
-final proof for genetic and molecular material using ______________________
A
isotopes
23
Q
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- used Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography
- created the ___________ model of DNA
- credited for the discovery of _____________
A
James Watson and Francis Crick
Double Helix
DNA
24
Q
Modern Molecular Biology:
-developed early methods of sequencing
A
Fredrick Sangar
25
Modern Molecular Biology:
- Development of Recombinant DNA
- Started the company Genentech
Herbert Boyer and Stanly Cohen
26
Modern Molecular Biology:
| -developed PCR
Kary Mullis
27
Modern Molecular Biology:
- human genome project
- directed the national institutes of Health National Human genome research institute efforts
Francis Collins
28
___________________ is the study of life
biology
29
What are some of the questions that scientists ask?
- how does a single cell develop into an organism
- how does the human mind work
- how do living things interact in communities
30
Life is recognized by what ____________________
living beings do
31
What are the five unifying themes of biology?
- organization
- information
- energy and matter
- interactions
- evolution
32
the number of properties increase at _______________
successive levels of biological organization
33
Life is divided into _______________
different levels of biological organization
34
result from the arrangement of parts within a system
emergent properties
35
at any level of biology we find a correlation between _____________ and _______________
structure and function
36
an organisms smallest unit of life and most basic unit of structure and function
a cell
37
a cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the ________________ necessary for ________________
functions, life
38
every cell is inclosed by a ____________ which regulates ________________________________________
cell membrane
| the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
39
a type of cell which is complex and contains membrane bound organelles, the largest of which is a nucleus
eukaryotic cells
40
is simpler and usually small, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cells
41
Life processes involve the _________ and _________ of genetic information
expression and transmission
42
within the cells nucleus, chromosomes carry _________
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
43
__________ encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell
genes
44
genes are _________________
units of inheritance
45
___________ controls the development and maintenance of organisms
DNA
46
Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in ____________
a double helix
47
Each DNA chain is mad up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called _________________
nucleotides named C, G, T, A
48
genes control the production of ________
proteins
49
DNA is _______________ into _______ which is then ____________ into ______________
transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins
50
is the process of converting information from genes to cellular products
gene expression
51
an organisms' ______________ is its entire set of __________ which has been sequenced
genome, genetic instructions
52
is the study of sets of genes within and between species
genomics
53
is the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome
proteomics
54
which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data
bioinformatics
55
an organism's interactions with other organisms and the physical environment
ecosystems
56
at the ecosystem level each organism______________________________
interacts continuously with other organisms
these interactions could be beneficial or harmful to one or both organisms
57
organisms continuously interact with the physical factors in their environment and
the environment is affected by the organisms living there and so are the organisms (adaptation)
58
approximately _______ species have been identified and named but their is estimated to exists __________________ species
1.8 million
10-100 million
59
the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth
taxonomy
60
_______ and _______ are the two broadest units of classification
Domains and Kingdoms
61
Organisms are classified into three domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryia
62
these domains are entirely prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
63
the genetic language common to all organisms
DNA
64
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated in ___________ that show ancestors and descendant
ancestral trees or tree like diagrams
65
scientists make observations and ___________
hypothesis
66
_____________ is derived from Latin and means to know
science
67
is the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
inquiry
68
The scientific process included: making ____, forming _____________, and ___________ them
observations, hypothesis, testing them
69
___________ is recorded observations
____________________ often takes the form of recorded descriptions
__________________ are generally expressed as numerical measurement, organized into tables and graphs
data
qualitative data
quantitative data
70
draws conclusion through the logical process of ________, conclusion to premises
inductive reasoning, induction
71
a tentative answer to a well-framed scientific question
hypothesis
72
uses general premises to make specific predictions
deductive reasoning
73
- broader in scope than a hypothesis
- general, and can lead to a new testable hypothesis
- supported by a large body of evidence
a scientific theory
