Chapter 3-Lecture Outline

Question 1

Water is the _________ on Earth

Answer 1

biological medium

Question 2

______________ is the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter

Answer 2

Water

Question 3

The ______________ of water molecules allows it to interact with other molecules

Water unique emergent properties help make earth suitable for life

Answer 3

the structure (specifically the weak hydrogen bonding)

Question 4

__________________ in the water molecule result in _____________

Answer 4

polar covalent bond

hydrogen bonding

Question 5

In the water molecule, the electrons of polar covalent bonds spend more time near the _________ than the ______________

Answer 5

oxogen

hydrogen

Question 6

the water molecule is thus ___________

Answer 6

a polar molecule

the overall change is unevenly distributed

Question 7

the ____________ of water allows water molecules to form __________________ with each other

Answer 7

polarity

hydrogen bonds

Question 8

_________________ of water contribute to earth’s suitability for life

Answer 8

four emergent properties

Question 9

what are the four emergent properties of water that facility an environment for life

Answer 9

• cohesive behavior
• ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat)
• Expansion upon freezing
• versatility as a solvent

Question 10

_______________: collectively hydrogen bonds hold water together, which is a phenomena

Answer 10

Cohesion

Question 11

Cohesion help in the transport of __________________________

Answer 11

water against gravity in plants

Question 12

________________: is an attraction between different substances, for example water and a plants cells water

Answer 12

Adhesion

Question 13

_______________: is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

Answer 13

surface tension

Question 14

Water has a __________________ surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules at the air-water interface and to the water below

Answer 14

unusually high

Question 15

Water absorbs ______________________ and releases ___________________________

Answer 15

heat from warmer air

heat to cooler air

Question 16

________________ is the energy of motion

Answer 16

kinetic energy

Question 17

the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms or molecules is called

Answer 17

thermal energy

Question 18

_________________ is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecule in a body of matter

Answer 18

temperature

Question 19

Thermal energy in transfer from one body to another is defined as

Answer 19

heat

Question 20

_____________ is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1*c

Answer 20

calorie (cal)

Question 21

the “calories” on food packages are actually ____________

Answer 21

kilocalories 1 Kcal=1000 cal

Question 22

the _________ is a unit of energy

Answer 22

joule

1 Joule=0.239 cal or 1 cal=4.184 J

Question 23

_________________ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1*c

Answer 23

the specific heat of a substance

Question 24

the specific heat unit is

Answer 24

(cal or Joule)/ g*C

Question 25

Water resists a change in temperature because of its

Answer 25

high specific heat

Question 26

Waters specific heat can be traced back to it _______________ - heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break - heat is released when hydrogen bonds form

Answer 26

hydrogen bonding

Question 27

The high specific heat of water minimized temperature fluctuations within normal limits that __________

Answer 27

permit life

Question 28

________________ is the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

Answer 28

evaporation

Question 29

______________________ is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

Answer 29

heat of vaporization

Question 30

as a liquid evaporated, its remaining surface cools, a process called _____________________

Answer 30

evaporative cooling

Question 31

Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered making ___________________

Answer 31

ice less dense in water

Question 32

Waters greatest density is at ____________

Answer 32

4*C

Question 33

If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually _____________________ making life impossible on earth

Answer 33

freeze solid,

Question 34

Man scientists are worried that global warming, caused by ________________________ is having a profound effect on icy environments around the globe

Answer 34

carbon dioxide and other global greenhouse gases,

Question 35

the rate at which glaciers and arctic sea ice are disappearing is posing an extreme challenge to

Answer 35

animals dependent on ice for survival

Question 36

_______________ is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

Answer 36

solution

Question 37

________________ is the dissolving agent of a solution

Answer 37

solvent

Question 38

________________ is the substance that is dissolved

Answer 38

solute

Question 39

_____________ is a solution in which water is the solvent

Answer 39

aqueous solution

Question 40

water is a versatile solvent due to its ____________

Answer 40

polarity

Question 41

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a spare of water molecules called a ______________

Answer 41

hydration shell

Question 42

water can resolve both

Answer 42

nonionic and ionic polar molecules

Question 43

large polar molecules can be dissolved such as proteins can dissolve in water if they have _____________________

Answer 43

ionic and polar regions

Question 44

is one that has affinity for water

Answer 44

hydrophilic substance

Question 45

substance is one that does not have an affinity for water

Answer 45

hydrophobic substance

Question 46

example of Hydrophobic: _____________

Answer 46

oil because they have relatively non polar bonds, these a major ingrediances of cell membranes

Question 47

Biologist seeking like on other planets have concentrated their search on

Answer 47

planets with water today more than 200 planets outside our solar system have been discovered and only a few of them contain water vapor. In our own solar system, Mars contains water

Question 48

_____________ and _________ conditions affect organisms

Answer 48

acidic and basic conditions

Question 49

a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift _____________

Answer 49

from one to another

Question 50

a hydrogen bond atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton is a

Answer 50

hydrogen ion (H+)

Question 51

the molecule that lost the proton is now a

Answer 51

hydroxide ion (OH-)

Question 52

The molecule that has an extra proton is now ___________________ though it is often represented as H+

Answer 52

hydronium (H3O)+

Question 53

Water is in a state of __________________ in which water water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being formed

Answer 53

dynamic equilibrium

Question 54

the dissociation of water (though rare) has an effect on

Answer 54

life

Question 55

changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- can drastically affect the

Answer 55

chemistry of a cell

Question 56

concentrations of OH- and H+ are equal in

Answer 56

pure water

Question 57

Biologists use the ____ to describe if something is acidic or basic

Answer 57

PH scale

Question 58

an acid increases the concentration of _______ in a solution where as a base decreases the concentration of ___________

Answer 58

H+

Question 59

strong acids and bases ________ in water completely

Answer 59

dissociate

Question 60

weak acids and bases relese and accept back H+ ions but can still shift the

Answer 60

balance of H+ away from neutrality

Question 61

Ph of acid base

Answer 61

less than 7 | more than 7

Question 62

the internal ph of a cell

Answer 62

7 ph neutral

Question 63

_________: are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Answer 63

buffers

Question 64

buffers contain

Answer 64

a weak acid and a corresponding base

Question 65

threats to water quality

Answer 65

human activy, fossil fuels, acidification,

Question 66

25% of CO2 is absorbed by the ocean which results in the oceans

Answer 66

acidification

Question 67

as sea water acidifies H+ combines with carbonate ions to produce bicarbonate; _____________ is required for calcification by many marine organisms, including reef building

Answer 67

calcification