Chapter 2-Personal Outline

Question 1

_____________: anything that takes up space and has mass (everything is made of this)

Answer 1

Matter:

Question 2

________________: all matter is made up of these; a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. Today chemists had identify 92 naturally occurring elements

Answer 2

Elements:

Question 3

_________________: a substance consisting of 2 or more elements that combine at a specific ratio

Answer 3

Compound:

Question 4

______________: the 25 elements necessary for human life

Answer 4

Essential Elements:

Question 5

____________: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up about 96% of matter

Answer 5

4 main elements:

Question 6

_____________; are required for organismal life, but only in minuet quantities

Answer 6

Trace Elements:

Question 7

______________: the smallest stable form of matter that still retains all the properties of an element

Answer 7

Atoms:

Question 8

_________________: protons, neutron, electrons

Answer 8

Subatomic Particles:

Question 9

_______________: Positive charge, has mass

Answer 9

Protons:

Question 10

_______________: Negative charge, does NOT have mass

Answer 10

Nuetrons:

Question 11

_______________: Electrically neutral, has mass (1.7x10^-24

Answer 11

Neutron:

Question 12

__________________: dense center, where the protons and neutrons are tightly packaged

Answer 12

Atomic Nucleus:

Question 13

________________: the rings in which electrons reside and orbit around the nucleus. Contain different energy levels. The S, P, and D orbitals.

Answer 13

Electron Shells:

Question 14

________________: the subatomic unit of measure also known as the atomic mass unit (AMU)

Answer 14

Dalton:

Question 15

______________: the number of protons

Answer 15

Atomic Number:

Question 16

______________: the sum of protons and neutrons

Answer 16

Mass Number:

Question 17

____________: an approximation of the total mass of an atom usually similar to the mass number but it is measured in Daltons or AMU

Answer 17

Atomic Mass:

Question 18

____________: different forms of the same element. Generally, have the same protons put different number of neutrons

Answer 18

Isotopes:

Question 19

_______________: an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy; when radioactive decay gives off protons it may change the element.

Answer 19

Radioactive Isotope:

Question 20

________________: used as diagnostic tools, they can track atoms during metabolism

Answer 20

Radioactive Tracers:

Question 21

___________________: the time it takes for 50% of a radioactive isotope to decay

Answer 21

Isotopic Half-life:

Question 22

__________________: scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half lives have passed since an organism was fossilized or the rock was formed

Answer 22

Radiometric Dating:

Question 23

___________: the capacity to cause change or do work

Answer 23

Energy:

Question 24

__________: the energy matter possesses within its structure

Answer 24

Potential Energy:

Question 25

_______________: energy in motion

Answer 25

Kinetic Energy:

Question 26

The chemical behavior of atoms is determined by the ____________________

Answer 26

electron configuration

Question 27

______________: the outermost electrons that have the most energy and reside in the valance shell

Answer 27

Valence Electrons:

Question 28

________________: the 3D structure in which atoms are found

Answer 28

Orbital:

Question 29

_________________: an interaction between atoms that usually results atoms staying close together, held by attractions called

Answer 29

Chemical Bonds:

Question 30

_________________: occur between a metal and a nonmetal; the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Can occur between any elements with opposing charges

Answer 30

Ionic Bonds:

Question 31

_________________: occur between two nonmetals; the sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms ex: a hydrogen bond

Answer 31

Covalent Bonds:

Question 32

_______________: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Answer 32

Molecule:

Question 33

________________: simply indicates the number and type of each atom

Answer 33

Molecular Formula:

Question 34

________________: tells the number and type of atom as well as the type of bond

Answer 34

Structural Formula:

Question 35

_________________: represented by a single line

Answer 35

Single Bond:

Question 36

__________________: represented by two lines

Answer 36

Double Bond

Question 37

__________________: refers to an atoms bond capacity; usually refers to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atoms outermost electron shell

Answer 37

Valence

Question 38

________________: the attraction of a particular atoms for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its electronegativity

Answer 38

Electronegativity:

Question 39

__________________: covalent bonds between two of the same atom in which the electrons are shared equally because they have the same electronegativity.

Answer 39

Nonpolar covalent bonds:

Question 40

________________:the two oppositely charged atoms

Answer 40

Ions:

Question 41

______________: The positively charged ion

Answer 41

Cation:

Question 42

____________: the negatively charged ion

Answer 42

Anion:

Question 43

_________________: products or compounds made of ionic bonds

Answer 43

Ionic Compound or Salts:

Question 44

_________________: the attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Answer 44

Hydrogen Bond:

Question 45

_________________: Weak interactions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges

Answer 45

Van de Waals interactions:

Question 46

____________________: the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

Answer 46

Chemical Reactions:

Question 47

_________________: the starting materials in a chemical reaction o

Answer 47

Reactants

Question 48

_______________: the end materials in a chemical reaction

Answer 48

Products

Question 49

__________________: the point at which the reactions offset one another occurs when the forward and reverse reactions rates are equal

Answer 49

Chemical Equilibrium: