Chapter 4-Lecture

Question 1

_________________: The Backbone of Life

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

Living organisms consist mostly of ___________________

Answer 2

carbon-based compounds

Question 3

Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form

Answer 3

large, complex, and varied molecules

Question 4

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living matter are _______________________

Answer 4

all composed of carbon compounds

Question 5

__________________: is the study of compounds that contain carbon

Answer 5

Organic chemistry

Question 6

Organic compounds range from __________________________________________

Answer 6

simple molecules to colossal ones

Question 7

Most organic compounds contain _____________________________________

Answer 7

hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms (hydrocarbons)

Question 8

_________________ was the belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of physical and chemical laws

Answer 8

Vitalism

Question 9

It was thought that organic compounds could _______________________________________

Answer 9

only be produced in living organisms

Question 10

Vitalism was disproved when chemists were able to

Answer 10

synthesize organic compounds

Question 11

Organic Molecules and the Origin of Life on Earth

♣ Stanley Miller’s classic experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds

Answer 11

♣ Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been a stage in the origin of life

Question 12

___________________ is the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena

Answer 12

Mechanism

Question 13

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by

Answer 13

bonding to four other atoms

Question 14

Electron configuration is the key to an atom’s characteristics such as

Answer 14

Electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atom

Question 15

With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms

Answer 15

This ability makes large, complex molecules possible

Question 16

In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a

Answer 16

tetrahedral shape

Question 17

However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to the carbons are

Answer 17

in the same plane as the carbons

Question 18

The electron configuration of carbon gives it

Answer 18

covalent compatibility with many different elements

Question 19

The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners ________________________________________
are the building code for the architecture of
living molecule

Answer 19

(hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen)

Question 20

Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules

Answer 20

Carbon chains vary in length and shape

Question 21

_____________: are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 21

Hydrocarbons
Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Question 22

_______________: are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

Answer 22

Isomers

Question 23

______________: have different covalent arrangements of their atoms

Answer 23

structural isomers

Question 24

_________________: have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

Answer 24

Cis Trans Isomers

Question 25

__________________: are isomers that are mirror imagesof each other

Answer 25

Enantiomers

Question 26

♣ Enantiomers are important in the pharmaceutical industry

Answer 26

♣ Two enantiomers of a drug may have different effects ♣ Usually only one isomer is biologically active ♣ Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations in molecules

Question 27

♣ Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on __________________________________

Answer 27

the carbon skeleton and on the chemical groups attached to it

Question 28

A number of ________________ can replace | _______________ attached to skeletons of organic molecules

Answer 28

characteristic groups | the hydrogens

Question 29

♣ Estradiol and testosterone are both steroids with | a common carbon skeleton, in the form of four fused rings

Answer 29

♣ These sex hormones differ only in the chemical groups attached to the rings of the carbon skeleton

Question 30

___________________ are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Answer 30

Functional groups

Question 31

The number and arrangement of __________________________ give each molecule its unique properties

Answer 31

functional groups

Question 32

♣ The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life

Answer 32

``` ♣ Hydroxyl group ♣ Carbonyl group ♣ Carboxyl group ♣ Amino group ♣ Sulfhydryl group ♣ Phosphate group ♣ Methyl group ```

Question 33

___________________ An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes. An important organic phosphate is _________________________________

Answer 33

``` ATP: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ```

Question 34

ATP consists of an organic molecule called

Answer 34

adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups

Question 35

ATP stores the potential to react with water,

Answer 35

a reaction that releases energy to be used by | the cell

Question 36

♣ The versatility of carbon makes possible the great diversity of organic molecules

Answer 36

♣ Variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity