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PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging > Chapter #1: Studying Adulthood Development & Aging > Flashcards

Chapter #1: Studying Adulthood Development & Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Gerentology

A

the scientific study of aging from maturity through old age

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2
Q

Perspectives of Study

What is the Lifespan Perspective?

A

divides human development into two phases:
* Early Phase = childhood & adolescence
* Late Phase = young adulthood, middle & old age

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3
Q

Perspectives of Study

What are Paul Balte’s 4 Key features of the Lifespan Perspective?

A
  1. Multidirectionality
  2. Plasticity
  3. Historical Context
  4. Multicausation
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4
Q

Multdirectionality

A

developement involves both growth and declines

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5
Q

Plasticity

A

one’s capacity is not concrete and can change

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6
Q

Historical Context

A

we develop with a certain set of circumanstances by historical time and culture

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7
Q

Multiple Causation

A

development is affected by a variety of causes

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8
Q

Perspectives of Study

What is the The Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) Model?

A

The model that states the lifespan development consists of interactions between growth, maintenance, and loss of regulation

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9
Q

Perspectives of Study

What are the three parts of the SOC model?

A

Selective in Goals
Optimize functioning
Compensate for declines and losses

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10
Q

Perspectives in Study

Mechanistic Perspective

A
  • “Machine”
  • Involves passive/active interactions
  • influenced by the environment

Examples:
* Operant Conditioning
* Classical Conditioning

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11
Q

Perspectives of Study

Organic Perspective

A
  • “Maturation”; as we mature we become the best version of ourselves
  • Active interactions
  • Discontinous stages

Example:
* Freud
* Erikson

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12
Q

Perspectives of Study

Contextual Perspective

A
  • An individual produces their own development with environmental interactions
  • Context: SES, race, gender, religion

Examples:
* “Goodness of Fit”
* Niche Picking

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13
Q

Perspectives of Study

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System

A
  • Chronosystem = Over various time frames
  • Macrosystem = cultural/societal interactions
  • Mesosystem = interconnections between systems
  • Microsystem = closest environment to the indiivdual
  • Exosystem = influences that are no immediately present but affect an individual
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14
Q

Persepctives of Study

What are the 4 Core Issues in Development?

A
  1. Natuer vs. Nurture
  2. Stability vs. Change
  3. Continuity vs. Discontinuity
  4. Universal vs. Context Specific
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15
Q

Population Pyramid

A

graphic technique for illustrating population trends

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16
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are the 4 Forces of Development?

A
  1. Biological Forces
  2. Psychological Forces
  3. Socio-Cultural Forces
  4. Life-Cycle Forces
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17
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Biological Forces?

A

All genetic and health-related factors that affect development

Examples:
* menopause
* facial wrinkling
* organ systems

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18
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Psychological Forces?

A

all internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development

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19
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Socio-Cultural Forces?

A

interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic factors that affect development

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20
Q

Issues in Studying Adult & Aging

What are Life-Cycle Forces?

A

reflects differences in how the same event or combination of all 3 forces affects people at different points in their lives

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21
Q

Biopsychosocial Framework

A

ways of organizing the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

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22
Q

Cohort

A

a group of people born at the same point in time or within a specific time span

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23
Q

Interrelations Among the Forces

Normative-Age Graded Influnces

A

Exeperiences caused by forces of development that occur based on age/time
* Indicates a major change
* Examples: puberty, menopause, 21st birthday

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24
Q

Interrelations Among the Forces

Normative History-graded Influences

A

events that most people in specific culture experience at the same time
* Examples: epidemics, stereotypes, changing attitudes towards sexuality

25
# Interrelations Among Forces Nonnormative Influences
random or rare events that are not experienced by everyone, usually unique to individual * Examples: Winning the lottery, car accident
26
# The Meaning of Age Primary Aging
normal, disease free development during childhood; an inevitable part of the process
27
# The Meaning of Age Secondary Aging
developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes; not inevitable
28
# The Meaning of Age Tertiary Age
the rapid losses that occur shortly before death
29
# The Meaning of Age Emerging Adulthood
a period in which individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults
30
# Research Methods Reliability
a measure that determines whether it yields consistent value
31
# Research Methods Validity
a measure that determines whether it is measuring what it is said to
32
# Research Methods Systematic Observations
Watching people and carefully recording what they say or do
33
# Research Methods What are the pros and cons of Systematic Observation?
+ creates a setting where participants are more likely to respond - difficult to generalize from stages to real world
34
# Research Methods Self-Reports
sampling people's answers to questions about the topic of interest
35
# Research Methods Pros and Cons of Self Reports
+ gathers lots of information - not always accurate
36
# General Designs for Research Experimental Design
manipulating a key factor that the researcher believes is responsible for a particular behavior and randomly assigning participants and groups * Shows cause and effect
37
# General Designs for Research Correlational Design
examining relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world * Shows strength of relationship
38
# General Research Designs Correlation Coefficient
measured as r; represents the direction of the relationship between two variables * measured on a scale of +1.0 to -1.0
39
# General Research Designs What are the 3 strengths of relationships for Correlation Coefficients?
r = 0; no relationship r > 0; positively related r < 0; negatively related
40
# General Research Designs Case Studies
studying one person in great detail
41
# General Research Designs Pros and Cons of Case Studies
+ good for investigating rare phenomena - cannot always be generalized to general population sample
42
# Designs for Studying Development What 3 concepts are developmental designs based on?
1. Age Effects 2. Cohort Effects 3. Time of Measurement Effects
43
# Designs for Studying Development Age Effects
differences in development caused by underlying processes
44
# Designs for Studying Development Cohort Effects
differences in development caused by experiences unique to generation
45
# Designs for Studying Development Time of Measurement Effect
differences in development caused by the time in which data was obtained
46
# Designs for Studying Development Confounding
Any situation in which one cannot determine which of two or more effects is responsible for the behavior being observed
47
# Designs for Studying Development Cross-Sectional Design
testing different age cohorts at the same time
48
# Designs for Studying Development Pros and Cons of Cross-Sectional Designs
+ can be conducted quickly + not expensive - does not provide data about continuity of development - assumes that when older participants were younger, they were similar to younger cohort
49
# Designs for Studying Development Longtiduinal Design
the same cohort is observed over different points in their life
50
# Designs for Studying Development Pros and Cons of Longitduinal Design
- Participant drop out or death - Risk of discovering developmental process that is unique to cohort - Practice Effects
51
# Designs for Studying Development Microgenetic Design
* type of longitdunal design * participants are tested over the span of days or weeks, (planned around a specific developmenta/life-cycle event)
52
# Designs for Studying Development Pros and Cons of Microgenetic Design
+ tracking change as a result of intervention
53
Time Lag Studies
studying the same age groups but at different times * ex: divorce in 1960s vs 1990s * good measure of historical differences
54
# Designs for Studying Development Sequential Design
combintations of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs * Cross Sectional: 2 or more cross sectional studies at 2 or more times of measurement * Longitudinal: 2 or more longitudinal studies that represent 2+ cohorts
55
# Studying Ethically What are the Ethics Guidelines?
* minimize risk to participants * describe the research to potential participants, so that they can determine wish to participate * avoid deception; tell truth immediately * results should be anonyous and confidential
56
Ageism
form of discrimination against older adults based on their age
57
Average Life Expectancy
half the people born in a specific year have died
58
Dependecy Ratio Burden
the burden of the older population needing to be cared for by the youth

PSYC415: Adulthood & Aging (12 decks)

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