Chapter 1: The Body And Its Constituents

Question 0

The study of how the body system works and the ways in which their integrated activities maintain life.

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Physiology

Question 1

The study of the structure if the body and the physical relationships between body systems.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

The study of abnormalities and how they affect body functions, often causing illness

Answer 2

Pathology

Question 3

The smallest independent unit of living matter, there are trillions of them within the body.

Answer 3

Cells

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Specialised cell type

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Carries out a particular function that contributes to body needs

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Cells with similar structure and function are bound together to form

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Tissues

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Several types of tissue have evolved together to carry out a specific function

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Organs

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Several types of organs and tissues working together to contribute to one or more survival needs of the body.

Answer 7

System

Question 8

Several systems which work interdependently to carry out specific functions.

Answer 8

Human body

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Surrounds the body and is the source of oxygen and nutrients required by all body cells.

Answer 9

External environment

Question 10

Water based medium in which body cells exist

Answer 10

Internal environment

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Cells are bathed in this fluid

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Interstitial or tissue fluid

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A potential barrier to substances entering or leaving the cell

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Plasma membrane

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The structure of the membrane controls which substances can enter or leave the cell

Answer 13

Selective permeability or semipermeability

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Dynamic ever changing situation that is kept within narrow limits

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Homeostasis

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Determines the limits within which the variable factor should be maintained.

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The control centre

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An input from stimulus is received by

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The detector or sensor

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An incoming signal indicates that an adjustment is needed and so the control centre responds and signals to

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The effector

Question 18

The effector response decreases the effect of the original stimulus maintaining/restoring homeostasis

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Negative feedback mechanism

Question 19

The stimulus progressively increases the response, so that’s long as the stimulus is continued the response is amplified

Answer 19

Positive feedback system

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Afferent

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Towards control centre

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Efferent

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Away from control centre

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A type of Negative feedback

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Body temperature

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A type of positive feedback

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Labour and the release of oxytocin

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Homeostatic imbalance

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The fine control of a factor in the internal environment is inadequate and the level of the factor falls outside the normal range

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Transport systems

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Ensure that all cells have access to the internal and external environments; * the blood, * the circulatory system and * lymphatic system

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Communication systems

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Involve receiving, collating and responding to appropriate information * internal environment - nervous and endocrine * external environment - special senses, non verbal activities and nervous

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Transports substances around the body through a large network of vessels

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Blood

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Plasma

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Mainly water with substances dissolved in it such as * nutrients * oxygen * hormones * waste material for excretion

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Types of blood cells

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Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets

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Red blood cells

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Erythrocytes | Transport oxygen and CO2 from lungs and all body cells

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Leukocytes

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White blood cells | Protect the body against infection and foreign substances

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Platelets

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Thrombocytes | Tiny cell fragments that help in blood clotting

Question 33

Circulatory system

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Consists of blood vessels and the heart

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Types of Blood vessels

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Arteries Veins Capillaries

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Arteries

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Carry blood away from the heart

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Veins

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Carry blood towards the heart

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Capillaries

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Link the arteries and veins

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Pulmonary circulation

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Involves the lungs where oxygen is absorbed from the air into the lungs and at the same time carbon dioxide is excreted from the blood to the air

Question 39

General or systemic circulation

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Involves cells in all other parts of the body | (other than the lungs)

Question 40

Muscular sac which pumps blood round the body and maintains the blood pressure

Answer 40

Heart

Question 41

The rate at which the heart beats

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Can be detected by feeling the pulse

Question 42

Aetiology

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Cause of disease

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Pathogenesis

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The nature of the disease process and it's effect on normal body functioning

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Complications

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Other consequences which might arise if the disease progresses

Question 45

Prognosis

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The likely outcome

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Acute

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A disease with a sudden onset often requiring urgent treatment

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Acquired

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A disorder which develops any time after birth

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Chronic

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A long standing disorder which cannot usually be cured

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Congenital

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A disorder which one is born with

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Sign

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An abnormality seen or measure by people other than the patient

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Symptom

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An abnormality described by the patient

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Syndrome

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A collection of signs and symptoms which tend to occur together

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Inflammation

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Tissue response to any kind of tissue damage such as trauma or infection

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Tumour

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These arise when abnormal cells escape body surveillance and proliferate

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Abnormal immune mechanisms

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These are responses of the normally protective immune system that cause undesirable effect

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Thrombosis, embolism and infarction

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These are the effects and consequences of abnormal changes in the blood and or blood vessels

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Degeneration

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Often associated with normal ageing but may arise prematurely when structures arise and impair function

Question 58

Metabolic abnormalities

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These cause undesirable metabolic effects eg diabetes mellitus

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Genetic abnormalities

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These may be inherited or caused by environmental factors such as exposure to ionising radiation