Chapter 4: The blood

Question 1

Fluid connective tissue

Answer 1

Blood

Question 2

Blood transports

Answer 2

Oxygen and carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones, heat, antibodies and clotting factors

Question 3

Plasma

Answer 3

clear, straw coloured, watery fluid that blood is composed from

Question 4

Plasma constitutes

Answer 4

55%

45% cellular fraction of blood

Question 5

Plasma proteins

Answer 5

Albumins, Globulins and clotting factors

Question 6

Albumins

Answer 6

Maintain osmotic pressure and are carrier molecules for free fatty acids, drugs and steroid hormones

Question 7

Globulins

Answer 7

Antibodies (immunogloblins)
Transport hormones
Inhibit certain enzymes

Question 8

Clotting factors

Answer 8

The most abundant being fibrinogen
I Fibrinogen
II Prothrombin
III Tissue factor (thromboplastin)
IV Calcium (Ca2+)
V Labile factor, proaccelerin, Ac-globulin
VII Stable factor, proconvertin
VIII Antihaemophilic globulin (AHG) factor A
IX Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin component (PTA), antihaemophilic factor B
X Stuart prower factor
XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA)
XII Hageman factor
XIII Fibrin stabilising factor

There is no factor VI
Vitamin K is essential for II, VII, IX and X

Question 9

Three types of blood cell

Answer 9

Erythrocytes (red blood cell),
Leukocytes (white blood cell) and
Thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 10

Haemopoiesis

Answer 10

The process of blood cell formation

Question 11

Biconcave disks that have no nucleus, 7 micrometres in diameter and mainly transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Answer 11

Erythrocytes

Question 12

Haemoglobin

Answer 12

Large pigmented protein known as haem and is responsible for gas exchange.
Each molecule can carry up to 4 molecules of oxygen
There are millions of molecules in each red blood cell.

Question 13

Life span of erythrocytes in circulation is

Answer 13

120 days

Question 14

Erythropoiesis

Answer 14

Development of red blood cells from stem cells and takes about 7 days

Question 15

Vitamin required for red blood cell synthesis

Answer 15

Vitamin B12 and Folic acid

Question 16

Saturated

Answer 16

When all four haemoglobin molecules are full

Question 17

Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO)

Answer 17

Haemoglobin (Hb) reversibly binds to oxygen (O2)

Question 18

Oxygen rich blood

Answer 18

Red

Question 19

Oxygen poor blood

Answer 19

Blue

Question 20

Hypoxia

Answer 20

Low oxygen levels

Question 21

Blood Group A

Answer 21

Antigen A,

makes anti B antibodies

Question 22

Blood Group B

Answer 22

Antigen B,

makes anti A antibodies

Question 23

Blood Group AB

Answer 23

Antigen A and B,
makes neither A or B antibodies
Universal Recipent

Question 24

Blood Group O

Answer 24

No antigen
makes both anti A and anti B antibodies
Universal Donor

Question 25

Leukocytes

Answer 25

White blood cells Important for immunity Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 26

Granulocytes

Answer 26

There formation being granulopoiesis | Baophil, Neutrophil and Eosinophil

Question 27

Neutrophils

Answer 27

Small, fast and active scavengers protect the body against bacterial invasion and remove dead cells and debris from damaged tissues

Question 28

Eosinophils

Answer 28

Elimination of parasites such as worms

Question 29

Basophils

Answer 29

Packed with heparin and histamine

Question 30

Agranulocytes

Answer 30

Large nucleus and no granules | Monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 31

Monocytes

Answer 31

Largest of the white blood cells | Phagocytic and some develop into macrophages

Question 32

Lymphocytes

Answer 32

Smaller than monocytes and have a large nuclei Present in lymphatic tissue Respond to antigens

Question 33

Platelets

Answer 33

very small non nucleated discs Blood clotting Thrombopoietin excreted from the kidneys which stimulate platelet synthesis Life span 8-11 days

Question 34

Haemostasis

Answer 34

Vasoconstriction Platelet plug formation Coagulation (blood clotting) Fibrinolysis