Chapter 5. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Michele Herbert

Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries?

They carry blood at lower pressure than arteries.

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Collateral circulation is

More than one artery supplying an area

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What function do the valves serve in blood vessels

Valves keep the blood flow in one direction

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Valves are formed from which type of tisssue

Connective

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Increasing the diameter of a blood vessel

Vasodilation

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The term for the force that pulls fluid into the capillary tissues

Osmotic Pressure

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The tissue lining blood vessels

Endothelial

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Structures in veins ensuring one-way flow

Valves

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Veins can be referred to as these, because they can hold a large quantity of blood

Capacitance Vessels

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The mechanism by which gases move across capillary walls

Diffusion

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The term given to exchange of gases across capillary walls in the tissue

Internal Respiration

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The middle layer of blood vessel walls

Tunica Media

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The term for the pressure of blood against the wall of the blood vessel

Hydrostatic pressure

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The type of vessel that drains excess tissue fluid away from the tissues

Lymphatic Capillary

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Decreasing the diameter of a blood vessel

Vasoconstriction

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The layer of the blood vessel wall that secretes nitric oxide

Tunica Intima

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The layers of blood vessel from inside to out

The lumen
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica adventitia

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The layer of the blood vessel wall composed mainly of fibrous tissue

Tunica adventitia

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The middle layer of the blood vessel wall

Tunica Media

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The layer of the blood vessel wall is only one cell thick

Tunica intima

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The opening down the middle of a blood vessel

Lumen

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The wall of large arteries, such as aorta, is rich in this is

Elastic tissue

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The term of a blood vessel with a significant capacity for dilation and constriction, in order to control blood flow

Resistance vessel

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The term for a blood vessel that expands readily to accommodate large quantities of blood at relatively low pressure

Capacitance vessel

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The type of tissue that lines a blood vessel

Endothelium

A small artery

Arteriole

An artery that links two other arteries

Anastomosis

An artery with no other openings except into the capillary bed

End artery

The term for a blockage of a blood vessel

Occlusion

Represents ventricular repolarisation

T wave

Represents atrial depolarisation

P wave

Represents ventricular depolarisation

QRS complex

The term for the normal heart rhythm

Sinus rhythm

An unusually slow heart rate

Bradycardia

An unusually high heart rate

Tachycardia

An abnormal heart rhythm

Arrhythmia

The machine used to record the electrical activity of the heart

Electrocardiograph

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Electrocardiogram

Cardiac contraction

Systole

Cardiac Relaxation

Diastole

Electrical activation of a myocardial cell

Depolarisation

Restoration of the myocardial cell membrane potential to its resting state

Repolarisation

The normal pattern of impulse conduction through the heart is

SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, Purkinje fibres

What is being measured by an electrocardiograph

Electrical conductivity

The QRS complex represents

Repolarisation of the atria and depolarisation of the ventricles

If the AV node were forced to assume pacemaker activity, what would be the resulting pulse rate?

40 - 60 beats per minute

Blood flow through the cardiovascular system

Venules, Veins, Heart, Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries

When the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close because the pressure in the

Ventricles is greater than the atria

The cardiac valves ensure that the flow of blood in the heart is in one direction. Where else in the cardiovascular system are there valves that do the same thing?

Medium sized veins

The characteristic sound of the heart beat through a stethoscope placed on the chest wall due to

Closing of the valves inside the heart

At which point in the cardiac cycle are the walls of the aorta most stretched?

During the first heart sound

Covers the valves of the heart

Endocardium

Secretes pericardial fluid

Serous pericardium

Continuous with the lining of the blood vessels entering and leaving the heart

Endocardium

Muscle found only in the heart

Myocardium

Single layer of cells

Endocardium

Is part of a double membrane, folded back on itself

Serous pericardium

Junctions between its cells are called intercalated discs

Myocardium

Contains the pericardial space

Serous pericardium

Thickest in the left ventricle

Myocardium

The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is

SA node

Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow of blood into the

Atria

Chordae Tendinae are associated with the following structures

Mitral valve and tricuspid valve

Ventricals

1. Pumping chamber of the heart 2. The myocardium of the ventricals is thicker than the atria 3. The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right

Detect chemical changes in the blood

Chemoreceptors

One location at which baroreceptors are found

Carotid Sinuses

Most blood vessels have little of this type of autonomic stimulation

Parasympathetic

Baroreceptors respond to this in the blood vessel wall

Stretch

This steroid hormone increases blood pressure by increasing blood pressure by increasing sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney

Aldosterone

The mechanism responsible for control of blood pressure by regulating blood volume

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

The posterior pituitary hormone increases blood volume and blood pressure by increasing water reabsorption

Antidiuretic hormone

The hormone from the atria reduces blood pressure

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

The response of blood vessels to hypoxia

Vasoconstriction

The mechanism that regulates blood pressure on a moment to moment basis

Baroreceptor reflex

The region in the brainstem responsible for control of blood pressure

Cardiovascular centre

The term for a reduction in blood pressure

Hypotension

Which branch of the abdominal aorta are unpaired

Coeiliac artery

Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta?

Where the aorta passes through the diaphragm.

Which vein does the cephalic vein empty into?

Axillary vein

The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of which vessels?

Internal and external iliac veins

Most of the venous drainage in the abdomen is by veins named for their corresponding arteries, but an important exception is the portal vein that links which abdominal regions?

Liver and intestines

Which unusual arrangement of blood vessels is associated with the portal circulation?

Blood passes through two sets of capillaries before returning to the venous circulation

What is the function of the portal circulation?

To regulate the concentration of substances in the blood coming from the intestine

The cystic vein drains which organ?

The Gall Bladder

The best definition of a vein is a vessel that....

Carries blood towards the heart

Low pressure circuit

Pulmonary circulation

Supplied by the Left ventricle

Systemic circulation

Returns blood to the left atrium

Pulmonary circulation

Carries blood into the aorta

Systemic circulation

Supplied by the right ventricle

Pulmonary circulation

High pressure circuit

Systemic circulation

Also called the general circulation

Systemic circulation

Infection of the lining of the heart

Endocarditis

Absence of electrical activity in the heart

Asystole

Disorganised, chaotic and ineffectual electrical activity of the heart muscle

Fibrillation

Mass of material travelling in the blood stream

Embolus

The pain of ischaemic heart disease

Angina Pectoris

Narrowing of a valve opening

Stenosis

An initial compensatory mechanism in heart disease enlargement of the heart

Hypertrophy

The term for a supplementary circulation that can develop over time to supply a tissue whose main artery is progressively blocked

Collateral

The term for a heart valve not closing properly

Incompetent

Heart rate over 120 bpm but with normal rhythm

Sinus tachycardia

The muscle of the heart

Myocardium

The failure of arterial electrical signals to reach the ventricles

Heart block

This form of heart disease often follows streptococcal infection

Rheumatic

The ability of the heart muscle to contract

Contractility

What artery is used to feel the pulse in the neck?

Common carotid

What artery in the wrist is used for taking blood>

Radial

What describes blood pressure?

It is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Chapter 5. The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(109 cards)