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ANAPHY LECTURE > Chapter 1 - The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structures

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Levels of Anatomy (3)

A

Developmental, Gross, Surface Anatomy

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4
Q

Developmental Anatomy (3)

A

Embryology, Cytology, Histology

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5
Q

Studies the structural changes that occur
between conception and adulthood

A

Developmental anatomy

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6
Q

Considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development

A

Embryology

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7
Q

Examines the structural features of cells,

A

Cytology

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8
Q

Examines tissues, which are composed of
cells and the materials surrounding them

A

Histology

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9
Q

the study of structures that can be examined
without the aid of a microscope

A

Gross anatomy

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10
Q

Approaches of Gross anatomy (2)

A

systemic anatomy (body is studied system by system) and regional anatomy (body is studied area by area)

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11
Q

a group of structures that have one
or more common functions

A

system

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12
Q

involves looking at the exterior of the body
to visualize structures deeper inside the body

A

Surface anatomy

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13
Q

uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

A

Anatomical imaging

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14
Q

allows medical personnel to look inside the body with amazing accuracy and without the trauma and risk of exploratory surgery

A

Anatomical imaging

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15
Q

became the first medical scientist to use x-rays to see inside the body.

A

Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)

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16
Q

Why are the rays called as x-rays?

A

because no one knew what they were

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17
Q

physical characteristics that differ from the
normal pattern (ex. having two blood vessels supplying the kidney, “blue baby” syndrome)

A

Anatomical Anomalies

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18
Q

the scientific investigation of the processes or
functions of living things.

A

Physiology

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19
Q

goals when studying human
physiology

A

understand and predict the body’s responses to
stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within
a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment.

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20
Q

Levels of physiology (2)

A

Cell physiology, systemic physiology

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21
Q

examines the processes occurring in cells

A

Cell physiology

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22
Q

considers the functions of organ systems

A

systemic physiology

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23
Q

usual approach when examining physiology

A

systemic (a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than
one region)

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24
Q

the medical science
dealing with all aspects of disease

A

Pathology

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25
Q

focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise

A

Exercise physiology

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26
Q

physiology that focuses on the nervous system

A

Neurophysiology

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27
Q

physiology that deals with the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular physiology

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28
Q

Imaging techniques (6)

A

X-ray
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography (CT)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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29
Q

Six levels of organization

A

chemical (atom)
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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30
Q

involves interactions between atoms (tiny building blocks of matter)

A

Chemical level

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31
Q

the basic structural and functional
units of plants and animals

A

Cells

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32
Q

the small structures inside cells

A

organelles

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33
Q

organelle that contains the cell’s hereditary information

A

nucleus

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34
Q

organelles that manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule cells use for
energy.

A

mitochondria

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35
Q

composed of a group of similar cells
and the materials surrounding them

A

tissue

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36
Q

determine the functions of the
tissue

A

characteristics of the
cells and surrounding materials

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37
Q

four basic tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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38
Q

composed of two or more tissue
types that perform one or more common functions

A

organ

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39
Q

a group of organs that together perform a common function or set of functions and are therefore viewed as a unit.

A

organ system

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40
Q

11 major organ systems

A

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic,
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive system

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41
Q

any living thing considered
as a whole

A

organism

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42
Q

six essential characteristics of life

A

Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction

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43
Q

refers to the specific interrelationships among
the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions.

A

Organization

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44
Q

refers to all of the chemical
reactions taking place in the cells and internal environment of an organism

A

Metabolism

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45
Q

an organism’s ability to sense changes
in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes.

A

Responsiveness

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46
Q

refers to an increase in the size or number of cells

A

Growth

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47
Q

the changes an organism undergoes
through time, beginning with fertilization and ending at death

A

Development

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48
Q

changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature, generalized state to a mature, specialized state.

A

Differentiation

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49
Q

the change in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism

A

Morphogenesis

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50
Q

formation of new cells or new organisms

A

reproduction

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51
Q

system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

A

Nervous System

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52
Q

system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction, etc.

A

Endocrine System

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53
Q

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases,
and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the
regulation of body temperature

A

Cardiovascular System

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54
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and
regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water
balance

A

Urinary System

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55
Q

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization
and fetal development; produces milk for the
newborn; produces hormones that influence
sexual function and behaviors.

A

Female Reproductive System

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56
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to
the female and produces hormones that
influence sexual functions and behaviors.

A

Male Reproductive System

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57
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature,
prevents water loss, and helps produce
vitamin D

A

Integumentary System

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58
Q

Provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and
stores minerals and adipose.

A

Skeletal System

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59
Q

Produces body movements, maintains
posture, and produces body heat.

A

Muscular System

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59
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood
and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue
fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from
the digestive tract.

A

Lymphatic System

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60
Q

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the blood and air and regulates
blood pH

A

Respiratory System

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61
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical
processes of digestion, absorption of
nutrients, and elimination of wastes.

A

Digestive System

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62
Q

considered the first modern anatomist

A

Andreas Vesalius

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63
Q

Introduced errors that persisted for more than 1300 years until Vesalius

A

Claudius Galen

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64
Q

existence and maintenance of a
relatively constant environment within the body.

A

Homeostasis

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65
Q

new conditions that our bodies are exposed to; their values can change (ex. body temperature)

A

variables

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66
Q

the ideal normal value for homeostatic mechanisms (ex. sweating or shivering)

A

set point

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67
Q

(T/F) body temperature increases and decreases slightly around the set point to produce a normal range of values.

A

True

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68
Q

How can homeostasis be maintained?

A

as body temperature remains within this normal range

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69
Q

a person’s average body temperature

A

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit/37 C

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70
Q

the maintenance of a variable around an ideal normal value or set point. The value of the variable fluctuates around the set point
to establish a normal range of values

A

Homeostasis

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71
Q

means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

Negative

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72
Q

the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the set point, becoming smaller.

A

negative-feedback mechanism (ex. maintenance of body temperature)

73
Q

Three components of negative-feedback mechanisms

A

receptor
control center
effector

73
Q

monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature

A

receptor

74
Q

such as part of the brain, which establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and effectors

A

control center

75
Q

such as sweat glands, which
can adjust the value of the variable, usually back toward the set point.

A

effector

76
Q

initiates a homeostatic mechanism

A

stimulus

77
Q

occur when a response to the
original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater (ex. blood clot formation)

A

Positive-feedback mechanisms

78
Q

example of normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism

A

birth (contractions of the uterine
muscles)

79
Q

example of a detrimental positive-feedback mechanism

A

inadequate delivery of blood
to cardiac (heart) muscle (deviation from the heart rate set point becoming larger and larger)

80
Q

Two basic principles to remember:

A

(1) many disease
states result from the failure of negative-feedback mechanisms to
maintain homeostasis and
(2) some positive-feedback mechanisms
can be detrimental instead of helpful.

81
Q

Latin word for “hole,”

A

foramen

82
Q

magnum means?

A

large

83
Q

a large hole in the skull
through which the spinal cord attaches to the brain.

A

foramen magnum

84
Q

-itis means?

A

inflammation

85
Q

position where the elbow is above the hand but, in the supine or prone position, the elbow
and hand are at the same level

A

anatomical position

86
Q

describe parts of the body relative to each other.

A

Directional terms

87
Q

used as directional terms in anatomical terminology.

A

Right and left

88
Q

up

A

superior

89
Q

down

A

inferior

90
Q

front

A

anterior

91
Q

back

A

posterior

92
Q

In humans, the term superior is interchangeable with the term

A

cephalic (both used for “toward the
head,”)

93
Q

the term inferior is
interchangeable with the term

A

caudal (two terms
are used for “toward the tail,”)

94
Q

The word anterior means?

A

“That which goes before,”

95
Q

ventral means?

A

toward the belly

96
Q

The word posterior means

A

“That which follows,”

97
Q

dorsal means?

A

toward the back

98
Q

Proximal means?

A

nearest

99
Q

distal means?

A

distant

100
Q

distal means?

A

distant

101
Q

Medial means?

A

“toward the midline,”

102
Q

lateral means?

A

“away from the midline.”

103
Q

describes a structure close to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

104
Q

toward the interior of the body.

A

deep

105
Q

The central region of the body consists of

A

head
neck
trunk

106
Q

The trunk can be divided into

A

thorax
abdomen
pelvis

107
Q

the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are
located

A

thorax

108
Q

contains organs such as the liver, stomach,
and intestines

A

abdomen

109
Q

contains the bladder and reproductive
organs

A

pelvis

110
Q

The upper limb is divided into

A

arm
forearm
wrist
hand

111
Q

extends from the shoulder to the elbow

A

arm

112
Q

extends from the elbow to the wrist

A

forearm

113
Q

The lower limb is divided into

A

thigh
leg
ankle
foot

114
Q

extends from the hip to the knee

A

thigh

115
Q

extends from the knee to the
ankle

A

leg

116
Q

Quadrants of the abdomen (4)

A

right-upper
left-upper
right-lower
left-lower

117
Q

Regions of the abdomen (9)

A

epigastric
right and left hypochondriac
umbilical
right and left lumbar
hypogastric
right and left iliac

118
Q

REGIONS: forehead

A

frontal

119
Q

eye

A

orbital

120
Q

nose

A

nasal

121
Q

mouth

A

oral

122
Q

neck

A

cervical

123
Q

ear

A

otic

124
Q

cheek

A

buccal

125
Q

chin

A

mental

126
Q

collarbone

A

clavicular

127
Q

chest

A

pectoral

128
Q

breastbone

A

sternal

129
Q

breast

A

mammary

130
Q

armpit

A

axillary

131
Q

arm

A

brachial

132
Q

front of elbow

A

antecubital

133
Q

forearm

A

antebrachial

134
Q

wrist

A

carpal

135
Q

palm

A

palmar

136
Q

fingers

A

digital

137
Q

abdomen

A

abdominal

138
Q

navel

A

umbilical

139
Q

hip

A

coxal

140
Q

pelvis

A

pelvic

141
Q

groin

A

inguinal

142
Q

genital

A

pubic

143
Q

thigh

A

femoral

144
Q

kneecap

A

patellar

145
Q

leg

A

crural

146
Q

ankle

A

talus

147
Q

top of foot

A

dorsum

148
Q

toes

A

digital

149
Q

divides, or sections, the body, making it possible to “look inside” and observe the body’s structures.

A

plane

150
Q

runs vertically through the body, separating it into right and left portions

A

sagittal plane

151
Q

sagittal literally means

A

“the flight of an
arrow”

152
Q

a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

A

median plane

153
Q

runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

153
Q

runs vertically to divide the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

A

frontal plane

154
Q

A cut through the length of the organ

A

longitudinal section

155
Q

a cut at a right angle to the length of an
organ

A

transverse (cross) section

156
Q

a cut is made across the
the length of an organ at other than a right angle

A

oblique section

157
Q

three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body located in the trunk

A

thoracic
abdominal
pelvic

158
Q

open to the outside of the body

A

nasal cavity

159
Q

what separates thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity?

A

muscular diaphragm

160
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a middle section called

A

mediastinum

161
Q

Abdominal muscles primarily enclose __
which contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys.

A

abdominal cavity

162
Q

Pelvic bones encase the small space
known as the __, where the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs are housed.

A

pelvic cavity

163
Q

sometimes abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated, they are called the

A

abdominopelvic cavity

164
Q

line the trunk cavities and cover
the organs within these cavities

A

Serous Membranes

165
Q

found against the outer wall of a body cavity

A

Parietal membranes

166
Q

found covering the organs in a body cavity

A

visceral membranes

167
Q

three serous membranes of the thoracic cavity

A

pericardial cavity (heart; visceral pericardium & parietal pericardium)
two pleural cavities (lung cavities; visceral pleura & parietal pleura)

168
Q

contains pericardial fluid

A

pericardial cavity

169
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane lined cavity called the

A

peritoneal cavity (visceral peritoneum & parietal peritoneum)

170
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

171
Q

nflammation of the pleura

A

pleurisy

172
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

173
Q

anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs

A

mesenteries (abdominopelvic cavity)

174
Q

behind the peritoneum (covered by the Parietal peritoneum)

A

retroperitoneal /organs (ex. kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder)

175
Q

connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall

A

mesenteries

176
Q

(T/F) Much of our knowledge about humans is derived from research on other
organisms

A

True

177
Q

(T/F) Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, no matter what
the actual position of the body.

A

True

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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