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ANAPHY LECTURE > Chapter 3 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

basic units of all living things

A

Cells

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2
Q

forms the outer boundary of the cell, through which the cell interacts with its external environment.

A

plasma membrane or cell
membrane

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3
Q

usually located centrally; it directs cell activities

A

nucleus

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4
Q

where most cell activities take place, located
between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

specialized structures that perform specific
functions

A

organelles

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6
Q

Functions of cell (4)

A
  1. Cell metabolism and energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction and inheritance
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7
Q

outer boundary of the cell; controls
the entry and exit of substances

A

Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

the control center of the cell; DNA within the
nucleus regulates protein (e.g., enzyme) synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Serves as site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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10
Q

Synthesizes proteins and transports them to Golgi apparatus

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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11
Q

Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

A

Golgi apparatus

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13
Q

Contains digestive enzymes

A

Lysosome

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14
Q

Serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome

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15
Q

Break down proteins in the cytoplasm

A

Proteasomes

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16
Q

Are major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Serve as centers for microtubule formation; determine cell polarity during cell division; form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

A

Centrioles

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18
Q

Move materials over the surface of cells

A

Cilia

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19
Q

propels spermatozoa

A

Flagellum

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20
Q

Increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

Two major types of microscopes

A

light microscopes and electron microscopes

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22
Q

allow us to visualize the general features of cells, such as the nucleus. But the magnification of light microscopes is
limited, so not all cell structures can be thoroughly investigated

A

Light microscopes

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23
Q

can reveal features of the cell surface and the surfaces of internal structures

A

electron microscopes

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24
Q

In order to study the fine structures of cells, researchers use

A

electron microscopes

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25
Q

can reveal features of the cell surface and the surfaces of internal structures.

A

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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26
Q

allows us to see “through” parts of the cell and thus to discover detailed aspects of cell
structure.

A

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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27
Q

boundary separating the intracellular substances, those inside the cell, from extracellular substances, those outside
the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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28
Q

An electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane

A

membrane potential

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29
Q

result of the cell’s regulation
of ion movement into and out of the cell

A

membrane potential

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29
Q

The plasma membrane consists primarily of

A

lipids and proteins, with a very small amount of carbohydrates.

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30
Q

The carbohydrates combine with lipids to
form

A

glycolipids

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31
Q

with proteins to form

A

glycoproteins

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32
Q

collection of glycolipids,
glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

A

glycocalyx

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33
Q

The predominant lipids of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipids
cholesterol

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34
Q

double layer of phospholipid molecules

A

lipid bilayer

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35
Q

Phospholipids have a

A

polar (charged; hydrophilic) head and a nonpolar (uncharged; hydrophobic) tail

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36
Q

penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer, in many cases extending from one surface to the other

A

Integral membrane proteins

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37
Q

are attached to either the inner or the outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.

A

. Peripheral membrane proteins

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38
Q

cell surface molecules that allow cells to
identify other cells or other molecules.

A

Marker molecules (mostly glycoproteins - proteins with attached carbohydrates, or glycolipids - lipids with attached carbohydrates)

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39
Q

integral proteins that allow cells to attach
to other cells or to extracellular molecules

A

Attachment proteins

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40
Q

proteins that attach cells to other cells

A

Cadherins

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41
Q

proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules

A

integrins

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42
Q

integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

A

Transport Proteins

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43
Q

each transport protein binds to and transports only a certain type of molecule or ion

A

Specificity

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44
Q

result of molecules with similar shape binding to the transport protein

A

Competition

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45
Q

the rate of movement of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins

A

Saturation

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46
Q

three major classes of transport proteins

A

channel proteins
carrier proteins
ATP-powered pumps

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47
Q

or nongated ion channels, are
always open and are responsible for the plasma membrane’s permeability to ions when the plasma membrane is at rest.

A

Leak ion channels

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47
Q

one or more integral membrane proteins
arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma
membrane (

A

channel proteins

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48
Q

open and close depending on certain conditions of the cell.

A

Gated ion channels

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49
Q

a generic term for any chemical signal molecule used by cells to communicate with each other

A

Ligand

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50
Q

ion channels that respond to
these signals

A

ligand-gated ion channels

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51
Q

open or close when there is a change in the membrane potential.

A

voltage-gated ion channels

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52
Q

a genetic disorder
that affects chloride ion channels

A

Cystic fibrosis

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53
Q

or transporters, are integral membrane proteins
that move ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. S

A

Carrier Proteins

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54
Q

movement of one specific ion or
molecule across the membrane.

A

Uniport

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55
Q

movement of two different ions or molecules in the same direction across
the plasma membrane,

A

Symport

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56
Q

movement of two different ions or molecules in opposite directions
across the plasma membrane

A

antiport

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57
Q

transport proteins that require cellular
energy to move specific ions or molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.

A

ATP-powered pumps

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58
Q

membrane proteins or glycoproteins that
have an exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface.

A

Receptor Proteins

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59
Q

catalyze chemical reactions on either the inner or the outer surface of the
plasma membrane.

A

enzymes

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60
Q

he plasma membrane separates extracellular material from intracellular material and is __

A

selectively permeable (allows
only certain substances to pass through it.)

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61
Q

Transport mechanisms (3)

A

Passive Transport Mechanisms
Active Transport Mechanisms
Vesicular Transport

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62
Q

the cell does not expend metabolic energy.

A

passive membrane
transport

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63
Q

does require the cell to expend metabolic energy

A

Active membrane transport

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64
Q

Passive membrane transport (3)

A

diffusion
osmosis
facilitated diffusion

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65
Q

Random movement of molecules results in
net movement from areas of higher
to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

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66
Q

Water diffuses across a selectively
permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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67
Q

Water diffuses through the lipid
bilayer.

A

osmosis

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67
Q

Substances too large to pass
through channels and too polar to
dissolve in the lipid bilayer are transported; substances that are accumulated in concentrations higher on
one side of the membrane than on
the other are transported.

A

Active transport

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68
Q

TP-powered pumps combine with substances and move them across the plasma
membrane: ATP is used; substances can be
moved from areas of lower to higher concentration

A

Active transport

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69
Q

Ions are moved across the plasma membrane by active transport, which establishes
an ion concentration gradient; ATP is
required; ions then move back down their
concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion, and another ion or molecule moves
with the diffusion ion (symport) or in the
opposite direction (antiport).

A

Secondary
active transpor

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70
Q

Ions are moved across the plasma membrane by active transport, which establishes
an ion concentration gradient; ATP is
required; ions then move back down their
concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion, and another ion or molecule moves
with the diffusion ion (symport) or in the
opposite direction (antiport).

A

Secondary
active transport

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71
Q

movement of
solutes from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of
lower solute concentration

A

Diffusion

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72
Q

The concentration difference between
two points, divided by the distance between the two points, is called

A

concentration gradient

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73
Q

measure of a
fluid’s resistance to flow

A

Viscosity

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74
Q

diffusion of water (solvent) across a
selectively permeable membrane, such as a plasma membrane

A

osmosis

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75
Q

water channel proteins, that open and close to
adjust membrane permeability to water.

A

aquaporins

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76
Q

force required to prevent water from
moving by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmotic pressure

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77
Q

three osmotic pressures

A

isosmotic
hyperosmotic
hyposmotic

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78
Q

Solutions with the same concentration of solute particles have the same osmotic pressure

A

isosmotic

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78
Q

If one solution has a greater concentration of solute particles, and
therefore, a greater osmotic pressure than another solution

A

hyperosmotic

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79
Q

The more dilute solution, with the
lower osmotic pressure

A

hyposmotic

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80
Q

a cell placed
into a solution neither shrinks nor swells, the solution is said to be

A

isotonic

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81
Q

the shape of the cell
remains constant maintaining its internal tension or tone, a condition called tonicity

A

isotonic

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81
Q

If a cell is placed into a solution and
water moves out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink,
the solution

A

hypertonic

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82
Q

If a cell is placed
into a solution and water moves into the cell by osmosis, causing the
cell to swell

A

hypotonic

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83
Q

refer to the concentration of the solutions

A

-osmotic terms

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84
Q

refer to the tendency of cells to swell or shrink

A

-tonic terms

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85
Q

membrane transport proteins mediate, or assist, the movement of large, water-soluble
molecules or electrically charged molecules or ions across the plasma membrane

A

mediated transport

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86
Q

mediated transport process that moves
substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration

A

Facilitated diffusion

87
Q

proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier proteins and channel proteins

88
Q

does not require metabolic
energy to transport substances across the plasma membrane.

A

Facilitated diffusion

89
Q

mediated transport process that requires
energy provided by ATP

A

Active transport

90
Q

moves Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells

A

sodium-potassium (Na+–K+) pump

91
Q

The result is a higher concentration of Na+ outside the cell and a higher concentration of K+inside the cell.

A

sodium-potassium (Na+–K+) pump

91
Q

Because ATP is broken down
during the transport of Na+ and K+, the pump is
also called

A

sodium-potassium ATP-ase

91
Q

involves the active
transport of an ion, such as sodium, out of a cell, establishing a concentration gradient, with a higher concentration of the ions outside the cell.

A

Secondary active transport

92
Q

movement of larger volumes of substances across the plasma membrane through the formation or release of vesicles, membrane-bound sacs, in the cytoplasm.

A

Vesicular Transpor

93
Q

Secondary Active Transport: occurs when material moves through the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm by the formation of a vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

94
Q

two types of endocytosis:

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

95
Q

cell-eating

A

phagocytosis

96
Q

cell-drinking

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

often forms vesicles near the tips
of deep invaginations of the plasma membrane.

A

Pinocytosis

97
Q

important in eliminating harmful substances from the body

A

phagocytosis

98
Q

The plasma membrane may contain specific receptor molecules that recognize certain substances and allow them to be transported into the cell by phagocytosis or pinocytosis. This
is called

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis,

99
Q

Common genetic disorder characterized by the reduction in or absence of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces, which interferes with the receptor-mediated endocytosis of LDL cholesterol.

A

Hypercholesterolemia

100
Q

cells release material through a vesicular transport mechanism called

A

exocytosis (secretions accumulate within vesicles)

101
Q

the cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

102
Q

half cytosol and half organelles

A

Cytoplasm

103
Q

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

104
Q

a colloid, a viscous solution containing dissolved ions and molecules as well as suspended molecules, especially
proteins.

A

cytosol

105
Q

supports the cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place.

A

cytoskeleton

106
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of three groups of
proteins:

A

microtubules
actin filaments
intermediate filaments

107
Q

hollow tubes composed primarily of protein
units called tubulin

A

microtubules

107
Q

provide support and structure
to the cytoplasm of the cell

A

microtubules

108
Q

also called microfilaments

A

actin filaments

108
Q

involved in cell division and in the transport of intracellular materials, form essential components such as centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella.

A

microtubules

109
Q

provide structure to the cytoplasm and
mechanical support for microvilli.

A

actin filaments

110
Q

protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cell

A

Intermediate filaments

111
Q

aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell.

A

cytoplasmic inclusions

112
Q

pigments that increase in amount with age.

A

lipochromes

113
Q

lose their nuclei as they develop

A

red blood cells,

114
Q

contain more than one nucleus

A

skeletal muscle cells and osteoclasts

115
Q

surrounded by a
nuclear envelope

A

nucleoplasm

116
Q

composed of two membranes separated by a space.

A

nuclear envelope

117
Q

inner and outer membranes
fuse to form pore like structures called

A

nuclear pores

118
Q

organized into discrete structures called
chromosomes

A

DNA and associated proteins

119
Q

important for the structural
organization of DNA

A

histones

120
Q

During most of the cell’s life cycle, the chromosomes are dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate filaments collectively referred to as

A

chromatin

121
Q

can leave the nucleus through
nuclear pores.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

122
Q

a region of a
DNA molecule that specifies an RNA molecule

A

gene

123
Q

a dense region within the
nucleus

A

nucleolus

124
Q

ribosomal subunits consist of

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) (produced
in the nucleolus of the nucleus and proteins produced in the cytoplasm)

125
Q

primarily synthesize proteins used inside the cell

A

Free ribosomes

126
Q

produce integral membrane proteins
and proteins that are secreted from the cell.

A

ribosomes attached
to the endoplasmic reticulum

127
Q

consists of broad,
flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules

A

endoplasmic
reticulum

128
Q

interior spaces of those sacs and tubules which are isolated from the rest of the cytoplasm

A

cisternae

129
Q

called “rough” because
ribosomes are attached to it

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

130
Q

sites where proteins are produced and modified
for use as integral membrane proteins and for secretion into the extracellular space.

A

ribosomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

131
Q

endoplasmic reticulum without attached ribosomes, that manufactures lipids, such
as phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, as well as carbohydrates.

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

132
Q

also participates in detoxification

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

133
Q

processes by which enzymes act on chemicals and drugs to change their structure and reduce their toxicity.

A

detoxification

133
Q

composed of flattened, membranous sacs, containing cisternae, stacked on each other like
dinner plates

A

Golgi Apparatus

134
Q

Proteins produced at the ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum move into the endoplasmic reticulum that are later packed into __ that then move to the Golgi apparatus.

A

transport vesicles

135
Q

most highly developed in cells that
secrete large amounts of protein or glycoproteins, such as cells in
the salivary glands and the pancreas.

A

Golgi apparatus

136
Q

membrane-bound vesicles that form
at the Golgi apparatus

A

Lysosomes

137
Q

contain a variety of
hydrolytic enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems.

A

Lysosomes

138
Q

Lysosomes also digest the organelles of the cell that are no longer functional, a process called

A

autophagy

139
Q

membrane-bound vesicles that
are smaller than lysosomes.

A

Peroxisomes

140
Q

contain the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen thereby eliminating the
toxic substance.

A

Peroxisomes

141
Q

large protein complexes containing enzymes that break down and recycle other proteins within the
cell.

A

Proteasomes

142
Q

pinch off from the Golgi apparatus move to the surface of the cell, their membranes fuse with the plasma membrane, and the contents of the
vesicles are released to the exterior by exocytosis.

A

secretory vesicles

143
Q

organelles that provide
the majority of the energy for the cell.

A

Mitochondria

144
Q

The outer membrane has a smooth contour, but the inner membrane has numerous infoldings called

A

cristae

145
Q

The material located inside the inner membrane is called the

A

matrix

146
Q

also contain DNA and ribosomes.

A

Mitochondria

147
Q

specialized zone of cytoplasm
close to the nucleus, is the center of microtubule formation in the
cell.

A

centrosome

148
Q

structures that project from the surface of cells
and are capable of movement.

A

Cilia

149
Q

proteins connecting adjacent pairs of microtubules

A

Dynein arms

150
Q

(a modified centriole) is located in
the cytoplasm at the base of the cilium

A

basal body

151
Q

are the only human cells that
possess flagella, and usually only one flagellum exists per cell.

A

Sperm cells

152
Q

similar to that of cilia, but
they are longer

A

flagella

153
Q

move small particles across the cell
surface

A

cilia

154
Q

move the entire cell

A

flagella

155
Q

cylindrically shaped
extensions of the plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

156
Q

are found on the cells of the
intestine, kidney, and other areas where absorption is an important
function.

A

Microvilli

157
Q

functional units of heredity

A

gene

158
Q

the transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring.

A

heredity

159
Q

The production of RNA and/or proteins from the information stored in DNA

A

gene expression

160
Q

Gene expression
that produces proteins involves two steps:

A

transcription and translation

161
Q

cell makes a copy of the gene necessary to make a particular protein

A

transcription

162
Q

The copy, which is called mRNA,
travels from the nucleus to ribosomes (the kitchen) in the cytoplasm, where the information in the copy is used to construct a protein

A

translation

163
Q

Specialized transport molecules that carry the amino acids to the ribosomes

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

164
Q

synthesis of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA molecules based on the nucleotide sequence in DNA

A

transcription

165
Q

occurs when a section of a DNA molecule unwinds and its complementary strands separate.

A

transcription

166
Q

an enzyme that synthesizes the complementary RNA molecule from DNA

A

RNA polymerase

167
Q

signals the beginning of the
gene and is the site for initial RNA polymerase binding

A

promoter

168
Q

Regions of the mRNA that do code for proteins a

A

exons

169
Q

regions that do not code for a
protein

A

introns

170
Q

mRNA that contains introns

A

pre-mRNA

171
Q

various combinations
of exons are incorporated into mRNA.

A

alternative splicing

172
Q

information contained in mRNA and it
relates the nucleotide sequence of mRNA to the amino acid sequence
of a protein.

A

Genetic Code

173
Q

three nucleotides
sequences

A

codons

174
Q

How many possible codons exist?

A

64

175
Q

acts as a start codon

A

AUG

176
Q

act as stop
codons

A

UAA
UGA
UAG

177
Q

synthesis of a protein at the ribosome based on the sequence of the codons of mRNA

A

Translation

178
Q

Another part of the tRNA consists of three nucleotides and is complementary to a particular codon of mRNA.

A

anticodon

179
Q

efficient way to produce many copies of the same protein using a single mRNA molecule

A

polyribosomes

180
Q

proteins are longer when they are first made than in their final, functional state.

A

proproteins

181
Q

Many proteins are enzymes, and the proproteins of those enzymes are
called

A

proenzymes

182
Q

includes the changes a cell undergoes from the
time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.

A

cell life cycle

183
Q

The life cycle of a cell has two stages:

A

interphase and cell division

184
Q

includes mitosis, the division of the
nucleus, and cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm

A

Cell division

185
Q

phase between cell divisions; nearly all of the
life cycle of a typical cell is spent in interphase.

A

Interphase

186
Q

he cell carries out the metabolic activities necessary for life and performs its specialized functions—for example, secreting digestive
enzymes

A

Interphase

187
Q

Interphase can be divided into three subphases:

A

G1
S
G2

188
Q

the cell carries out routine
metabolic activities

A

G1

189
Q

(the synthesis phase), the
DNA is replicated (new DNA is synthesized).

A

S phase

189
Q

(the second gap phase), the cell prepares for cell division.

A

G2

190
Q

These “resting” cells do not follow the normal pattern of the cell cycle but instead enter what is called the __ phase, in which they remain
unless stimulated to divide

A

G0

191
Q

the process in which the two strands of a DNA
molecule each serve as the template for making complementary new strands of nucleotides.

A

DNA Replication

192
Q

an enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the 3′ end of the growing strands.

A

DNA
polymerase

193
Q

forms as a continuous strand

A

leading strand

194
Q

forms in short segments
called Okazaki fragments

A

lagging strand

195
Q

The Okazaki fragments are then spliced
by

A

DNA ligase

196
Q

produces the new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair.

A

Cell Division

197
Q

Cell division involves two major events:

A

division of the chromosomes into two new nuclei and division of the cytoplasm
to form two new cells, each of which contains one of the newly
formed nuclei.

198
Q

The nuclear events are called

A

mitosis

199
Q

the cytoplasmic division is called

A

cytokinesis

200
Q

the division of a cell’s nucleus into two new
nuclei, each containing the same amount and type of DNA as the
original nucleus.

A

Mitosis

201
Q

During mitosis, the chromatin becomes very
densely coiled to form compact chromosomes called

A

mitotic chromosomes

202
Q

Each copy is called a

A

chromatid

203
Q

The chromatids are attached at the

A

centromere

204
Q

a protein structure that binds the centromere and provides a point of
attachment for microtubules that will separate and move the chromatids during mitosis.

A

kinetochore

205
Q

Mitosis is divided into four phases:

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

206
Q

he chromatin condenses
to form mitotic chromosomes.

A

prophase

207
Q

Also, the centrioles in the cytoplasm divide and migrate to each pole of the cell

A

prophase

208
Q

Microtubules called spindle fibers extend from
the centrioles to the centromeres of the chromosomes.

A

prophase

209
Q

the chromosomes align
near the center of the cell.

A

metaphase

210
Q

the chromatids separate. At this point, one of the two identical sets of chromosomes is moved by the spindle fibers toward the centrioles at each of the poles of the cell. At the end of anaphase, each set of chromosomes has reached an opposite pole of the
cell, and the cytoplasm begins to divide

A

anaphase

211
Q

nuclear envelopes
form around each set of chromosomes to form two separate nuclei. The chromosomes begin to uncoil and resemble the genetic material characteristic of interphase.

A

telophase

212
Q

the division of the cell’s cytoplasm
to produce two new cells.

A

Cytokinesis

213
Q

The first sign of cytokinesis is the formation of a

A

cleavage furrow

214
Q

complete when the membranes of the halves separate at the cleavage furrow to form two separate cells.

A

Cytokinesis

215
Q

programmed cell death, is a normal
process by which cell number within various tissues is adjusted
and controlled.

A

Apoptosis

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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