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ANAPHY LECTURE > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

forms the boundary
between the body and the external environment,

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

major functions of the integumentary system (5)

A
  1. Protection
  2. Sensation
  3. Temperature regulation
  4. Vitamin D production
  5. Excretion
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3
Q

The skin is made up of two major tissue layers:

A

epidermis
dermis

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4
Q

the superficial layer of the skin, consisting of stratified
squamous epithelial tissue

A

epidermis

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5
Q

Function of epidermis’ multiple layers

A

resists abrasion on the skin’s surface and reduces water loss through the skin

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6
Q

a layer of connective tissue

A

dermis

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7
Q

responsible for most of the strength of the skin.

A

e structure of the dermis

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8
Q

produced from the hide (skin) of
an animal by removing the epidermis and preserving the dermis in a process called tanning

A

leather

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9
Q

a layer of loose connective tissue

A

subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis

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10
Q

not part of the skin or the integumentary
system, but it does connect the skin to underlying muscle or bone.

A

subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis

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10
Q

contains no blood vessels

A

epidermis

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10
Q

what separates epidermis from dermis?

A

basement membrane

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11
Q

The living cells of the epidermis receive nutrients and excrete waste products through what?

A

Diffusion (of substances between the epidermis and
the capillaries of the dermis)

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12
Q

Most cells of the epidermis are called

A

keratinocytes

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13
Q

produce a protein mixture called keratin

A

keratinocytes (makes the cells more durable)

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14
Q

give the epidermis its ability to resist abrasion and
reduce water loss

A

keratinocytes

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15
Q

Other cells of the epidermis (3)

A

melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells

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16
Q

produce the pigment melanin, which contributes to skin color

A

melanocytes

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17
Q

are part of the immune system

A

Langerhans cells

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18
Q

are specialized epidermal cells associated with
the nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure

A

Merkel cells

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19
Q

When are new keratinocytes produced?

A

when keratinocyte stem cells undergo mitosis in the deepest layer of the epidermis.

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20
Q

process of where the cells eventually die and produce an
outer layer of dead, hard cells that resists abrasion and forms a permeability barrier

A

keratinization

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21
Q

many layers of cells in the epidermis are divided
into regions, or

A

strata

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22
Q

Five strata of the epidermis:

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

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23
Q

the deepest portion of the epidermis is a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells called the

A

stratum basale

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24
Q

the deepest portion of the epidermis is a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells called the

A

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

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25
Q

The epidermis is anchored to the basement membrane by what?

A

hemidesmosomes.

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26
Q

hold the keratinocytes together

A

desmosomes

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27
Q

Keratinocytes are strengthened internally by what?

A

Keratin fibers

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28
Q

Keratinocyte stem cells
of the stratum basale undergo mitotic divisions approximately every how many days?

A

19 days

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29
Q

It takes approximately how many days
for the cell to reach the epidermal surface and slough off?

A

40–56 days

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30
Q

Superficial to the stratum basale

A

stratum spinosum (consisting of 8–10 layers of many-sided cells)

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31
Q

As the cells in this stratum are pushed to
the surface, they what?

A

flatten

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32
Q

What additional keratin fibers and lipid-filled, membrane-bound organelles form inside the keratinocyte?

A

lamellar bodies

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33
Q

consists of two to five
layers of somewhat flattened, diamond-shaped cells.

A

stratum granulosum

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34
Q

stratum granulosum derives its name from the
presence of protein granules of?

A

keratohyalin

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35
Q

Keratohyalin accumulates in what part of the cell?

A

cytoplasm

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36
Q

a thin, clear zone above the
stratum granulosum

A

stratum lucidum

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37
Q

consists of several layers of dead cells with indistinct boundaries.

A

stratum lucidum

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38
Q

present in only a few areas of the body

A

stratum lucidum

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39
Q

last, and most superficial, stratum of the epidermis

A

stratum
corneum

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40
Q

composed of 25 or more layers of dead, overlapping squamous cells
joined by desmosomes.

A

stratum
corneum

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41
Q

dead cells, with a hard protein envelope, filled with the protein keratin.

A

cornified cells

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42
Q

responsible for the structural strength of
the stratum corneum.

A

enveloped and the keratin

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43
Q

The type of keratin found in the skin

A

soft
keratin

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44
Q

found in nails and
the external parts of hair

A

hard keratin

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45
Q

Cells containing __ are more
durable than cells with soft keratin, and they are not shed

A

hard keratin

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46
Q

What are released from lamellar bodies surrounding the skin
cells?

A

lipids

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47
Q

responsible for many of the skin’s permeability characteristics.

A

lipids

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48
Q

has all five epithelial strata, and the stratum corneum
has many layers of cells.

A

thick skin

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49
Q

found in areas subject to
pressure or friction, such as the palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and the fingertips.

A

thick skin

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50
Q

covers the rest of the body and is more flexible
than thick skin.

A

thin skin

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51
Q

Each of its strata contains fewer layers of cells
than are found in thick skin; the stratum granulosum frequently
consists of only one or two layers of cells, and the stratum lucidum
is generally absent

A

thin skin

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52
Q

found only in what kind of skin?

A

thin skin

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53
Q

often forms when the stratum corneum of the
epidermis increases in thickness.

A

callus

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54
Q

The skin over bony prominences develop a
cone-shaped structure called a

A

corn

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55
Q

the group of pigments primarily
responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.

A

melanin

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56
Q

provides
protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.

A

melanin

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57
Q

found in certain regions of the skin, such as freckles,
moles, the nipples, the areolae of the breasts, the axillae, and the
genitalia

A

Large amounts of
melanin

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58
Q

contain less melanin

A

lips, palms of the
hands, and soles of the feet,

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59
Q

Melanin is produced by?

A

melanocytes

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60
Q

irregularly shaped cells with many long processes that extend between the
keratinocytes of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum

A

melanocytes

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61
Q

Melanocytes produce and package melanin into vesicles
called

A

melanosomes

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62
Q

only cells that produce melanin

A

melanocytes

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63
Q

a recessive genetic trait that results
from an inability to produce tyrosinase.

A

albinism

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64
Q

most common type of
cancer

A

skin cancer

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65
Q

three types of skin cancer:

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

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66
Q

most common type, affects cells in the
stratum basale

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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67
Q

affects cells in the stratum
spinosum and can appear as a wartlike growth

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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68
Q

is the least
common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer,
accounting for over 77% of the skin cancer
deaths in the United States.

A

melanoma

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69
Q

What causes the mother’s body to increase melanin production?

A

estrogen and
melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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70
Q

a condition in which the skin turns
a reddish hue when the amount of blood flowing through the skin
increases.

A

Erythema

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71
Q

a bluish skin color

A

cyanosis

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72
Q

a yellow pigment found in plants,
such as carrots and corn

A

carotene

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73
Q

a lipid-soluble and, when
large amounts are consumed, the excess accumulates
in the stratum corneum and in adipocytes of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue, causing the skin to develop a yellowish tint

A

carotene

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74
Q

The cells of the dermis:

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
macrophages

75
Q

the main type of protein fiber of the extracellular
matrix

A

collagem

76
Q

the main type of protein fiber of the extracellular
matrix

A

collagen (but elastic and reticular fibers are also present)

77
Q

contains blood vessels that allow for nutrient and waste exchange
to the cells of the dermis and the living cells of the epidermis.

A

dermis

78
Q

contains nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles,
glands, and lymphatic vessels

A

dermis

79
Q

The dermis is composed of two tissue layers:

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

80
Q

The papillary layer derives its name
from projections, called

A

dermal papillae (extend
toward the epidermis)

81
Q

loose connective
tissue with thin fibers that are somewhat loosely arranged.

A

papillary layer

82
Q

contains blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products,
and aid in regulating body temperature

A

papillary layer

83
Q

composed of dense irregular
connective tissue, is the main layer of the dermis.

A

reticular layer

84
Q

continuous with the subcutaneous tissue and forms a mat of irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions.

A

reticular layer

85
Q

tension lines in the skin produced by elastic and collagen fibers

A

cleavage lines

86
Q

If the skin is overstretched, the dermis may rupture and leave
lines that are visible through the epidermis. These lines of scar
tissue, called

A

stretch marks

87
Q

attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle and supplies
the skin with blood vessels and nerves

A

subcutaneous tissue

88
Q

consists of loose connective tissue with collagen
and elastic fibers.

A

subcutaneous tissue

89
Q

The main types of cells within the subcutaneous
tissue:

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
macrophages

90
Q

The subcutaneous tissue, which is not part of the skin, is sometimes called

A

hypodermis

91
Q

Approximately half the body’s stored lipids are in the?

A

subcutaneous tissue

92
Q

three types of injections:

A

intradermal injection (dermis)

subcutaneous injection (subcutaneous tissue) ex. insulin injection

intramuscular injection (reaches a muscle
deep to the subcutaneous tissue) ex. vaccine shots

93
Q

one of the characteristics of all mammals

A

presence of hair

94
Q

dense and covers most of the body surface

A

fur

95
Q

unpigmented
hair in fetus

A

lanugo

96
Q

long, coarse, and pigmented hairs near the time of birth

A

terminal hairs

97
Q

short, fine, and usually
unpigmented, replace the lanugo on the rest of the body

A

vellus hairs

98
Q

The % of hair of the chest, legs, and
arms in male and female

A

90% terminal hair in males
35% in females

99
Q

protrudes above the surface
of the skin

A

hair shaft

100
Q

located below the surface

A

root

101
Q

The base of the root is expanded to form the

A

hair bulb

102
Q

Most of the
root and the shaft are composed of columns of dead, keratinized
epithelial cells arranged in three concentric layers:

A

medulla
cortex
cuticle

103
Q

central axis of the hair

A

medulla (cells contain soft keratin)

104
Q

surrounds the medulla
and forms the bulk of the hair

A

cortex (contain hard keratin)

105
Q

a single layer
of cells also containing hard keratin.

A

cuticle

106
Q

a tubelike invagination of the epidermis
that extends into the dermis.

A

hair follicle

107
Q

A hair follicle consists of:

A

dermal root sheath
epithelial root sheath

108
Q

the portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath.

A

dermal root sheath

109
Q

divided into external and internal parts

A

epithelial root sheath

110
Q

Inside the hair bulb is a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells called the

A

matrix

111
Q

produces the hair
and the internal epithelial root sheath.

A

matrix

112
Q

The dermis of the skin
projects into the hair bulb as a

A

hair papilla

113
Q

stages of hair growth (2)

A

growth stage
resting stage

114
Q

most common kind of permanent hair loss

A

pattern baldness

115
Q

average rate of hair growth

A

0.3 mm per day

116
Q

within the hair bulb matrix, produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in the hair cortex and medulla.

A

melanocytes

117
Q

Associated with each hair follicle are smooth muscle cells called

A

arrector pili

118
Q

extend from the dermal root sheath of the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

A

arrector pili

119
Q

muscle cells responsible for goosebumps

A

arrector pili

120
Q

major glands of the skin

A

sebaceous glands
sweat glands

121
Q

located in the dermis, are simple
or compound alveolar glands that produce sebum

A

Sebaceous Glands

122
Q

an oily, white substance rich in lipids

A

sebum

123
Q

(T/F) Because sebum is released by
the lysis and death of secretory cells, sebaceous glands are classified as holocrine glands

A

true

124
Q

two types of sweat, or sudoriferous glands:

A

eccrine glands
apocrine glands

125
Q

or merocrine, are the most common type of sweat gland. They are simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores

A

eccrine sweat glands

126
Q

Eccrine sweat glands can be divided into
two parts:

A

deep or coiled portion (located mostly in the
dermis)
duct (which passes to the skin surface)

127
Q

produces an isotonic fluid that is mostly water but
also contains some salts (mainly sodium chloride) and small
amounts of ammonia, urea, uric acid, and lactic acid.

A

deep or coiled portion

128
Q

The resulting hyposmotic fluid that leaves the duct is called

A

sweat

129
Q

most numerous in the palms of the
hands and soles of the feet

A

eccrine

130
Q

simple, coiled, tubular
glands that usually open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands

A

apocrine sweat galnds

131
Q

found in the axillae and genitalia (scrotum and labia majora)
and around the anus.

A

apocrine

132
Q

do not help regulate temperature in humans.

A

apocrine

133
Q

become active at puberty as a result of sex hormones.
and their secretions contain organic substances

A

apocrine

134
Q

Other skin glands (2)

A

ceruminous glands and the mammary
glands

135
Q

modified eccrine sweat glands located in the ear canal (external auditory canal).

A

ceruminous glands

136
Q

composed of the combined secretions
of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands

A

cerumen or earwax

137
Q

modified apocrine sweat glands
located in the breasts that produce milk.

A

mammary glands

138
Q

a thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum
cells that contain a very hard type of keratin.

A

nails

139
Q

located on
the distal ends of the digits

A

nails

140
Q

A nail consists of
the proximal __ and the distal __

A

nail root; nail body

141
Q

covered by skin,

A

nail root

142
Q

the visible portion
of the nail

A

nail body

143
Q

The lateral and proximal edges of the nail are covered
by skin called the

A

nail fold

144
Q

the edges are held in place by the

A

nail groove

145
Q

a thickened region of the stratum
corneum beneath the free edge of the nail body

A

hyponychium

146
Q

The nail root extends distally from the

A

nail matrix

147
Q

s located between
the nail matrix and the hyponychium.

A

nail bef

148
Q

s located between
the nail matrix and the hyponychium.

A

nail bed

149
Q

seen through the nail body as a whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.

A

lunula

150
Q

why does lunula appear white?

A

because the blood vessels do not
show through the thicker nail matrix

151
Q

the most common type of freezing injury. When skin
temperature drops below 0°C (32°F), the skin freezes and ice crystal formation damages tissues.

A

frostbite

152
Q

a hormone involved in the regulation of
calcium homeostasis.

A

vitamin D

153
Q

Its primary role is to stimulate the uptake
of calcium and phosphate from the intestines.

A

vitamin D

154
Q

itamin D synthesis begins in skin exposed to what?

A

Ultraviolet light

155
Q

the removal of waste products from the body.

A

excretion

156
Q

injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals,
electricity, or radiation.

A

burns (classified according to the extent
of surface area involved and the depth of the burn. )

157
Q

“the rule of nines,”

A

divides the body into areas that are approximately 9%, or multiples of 9%, of the body surface area (in an infant, the head and neck are 21% of BSA)

158
Q

burns are classified as either:

A

partial thickness or full-thickness burns

159
Q

subdivided into first- and second-degree burns

A

Partial-thickness burns

160
Q

involve only the epidermis and may result in redness, pain, and slight edema (swelling).

A

first-degree burns

161
Q

caused by sunburn or brief exposure to hot or cold objects, and they heal in
a week or so without scarring.

A

First-degree burns

162
Q

damage the epidermis and dermis.

A

second-degree burns (Healing takes approximately 2 weeks, and no scarring results)

163
Q

ull-thickness burns are also called as

A

third-degree burns

164
Q

The epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed, and deeper
tissue may be involved.

A

third-degree burns (often surrounded
by first- and second-degree burns)

165
Q

its region is usually painless because the sensory receptors
have been destroyed.

A

third-degree burn

166
Q

a third-degree burn over
10% or more of the BSA; a second-degree burn over 25% or more of the BSA; or a second- or third-degree burn of the hands, feet, face, genitals, or anal region

A

major burn

167
Q

e often associated with
damage to the respiratory tract and burns of joints often heal with scar tissue formation that limits movement.

A

facial burns

168
Q

a third-degree burn over 2–10% of the BSA or a second-degree burn over 15–25% of the BSA.

A

moderate burn

169
Q

a third-degree burn over
less than 2% or a second-degree burn over less than 15% of the BSA.

A

minor burn

170
Q

vitamin A derivative that
appears to be effective in treating fine wrinkles on the face, such
as those caused by long-term exposure to the sun; it is not effective in treating deep lines.

A

Retin-A (tretinoin)

171
Q

Causes skin to sag and wrinkle

A

A decrease in the number of elastic fibers in the dermis
and a loss of adipose tissue from the subcutaneous tissue

172
Q

Congenital (present at birth) disorders of the dermal capillaries

A

Birthmarks

173
Q

Fungal infection that produces patchy scaling and inflammatory response in the skin

A

Ringworm

174
Q

Inflammatory conditions of the skin caused by allergy, infection, poor circulation, or exposure to chemical or
environmental factors

A

eczema and dermatitis

175
Q

Chronic skin disease characterized by thicker than normal epidermal layer (stratum corneum) that sloughs to
produce large, silvery scales; bleeding may occur if the scales are scraped away

A

psoriasis

176
Q

Development of patches of white skin where melanocytes are destroyed, apparently by an autoimmune response

A

vitiligo

177
Q

result in destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which later become infected by bacteria, forming ulcers
Acne Disorder of sebaceous glands and hair follicles that occurs when sloughed cells block the hair follicle, resulting in
the formation of a lesion or pimple.

A

acne

178
Q

compression of tissue and reduced circulation
result in destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which later become infected by bacteria, forming ulcers

A

Decubitus ulcers (bedsores,
pressure sores)

179
Q

Swollen patches in the skin caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Erysipelas

180
Q

Small blisters containing pus; easily rupture to form a thick, yellowish crust; usually affects children

A

impetigo

181
Q

caused by a virus contracted through the respiratory tract; may develop into pneumonia or infect
the brain, causing damage

A

Rubeola (measles)

182
Q

Skin lesions; usually mild viral disease contracted through the respiratory tract; may be dangerous if contracted
during pregnancy because the virus can cross the placenta and damage the fetus

A

Rubella (German measles)

183
Q

Skin lesions; usually mild viral disease contracted through the respiratory tract

A

Chickenpox

184
Q

Painful skin lesions; caused by the chickenpox virus after childhood infection; can recur when the dormant virus
is activated by trauma, stress, or another illness

A

Shingles

185
Q

Skin lesions; caused by herpes simplex I virus; transmitted by oral or respiratory routes; lesions recur

A

Cold sores (fever blisters)

186
Q

Genital lesions; caused by herpes simplex II virus; transmitted by sexual contact

A

Genital herpes

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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