Chapter 1 - The Human Organism Flashcards by Daph Neve

What technique creates a three-dimensional dynamic image of blood vessels?

digital subtraction angiography

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T/F:

A CT scan allows for a three-dimensional image to be generated.

True

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Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the movement of

A. electrons in a magnetic field.
B. carbons in a magnetic field.
C. protons in a magnetic field.
D. cells in a magnetic field.

protons in a magnetic field

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The delivery of a radioactive compound to the body to study the metabolism of tissues is called

PET

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An anatomic image created from sound waves is a

sonogram

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A major limitation of radiographs is that they

A. can only visualize bone.
B. give only a flat, two-dimensional image of the body.
C. are old technology that do not give good results.
D. have very few applications.

give only a flat, 2D image of the body

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The study of the body’s organization by areas is

regional anatomy

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The study of the external form of the body and its relationship to deeper structures is

surface anatomy

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The study of tissues is

histology

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Anatomy is:

A. the study of function.
B. a branch of physiology.
C. the study of structure.
D. the study of living organisms.
E. the study of homeostasis.

the study of structure

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The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is

cytology

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Which subdivision of anatomy involves the study of organs that function together?
A. regional
B. developmental
C. systemic
D. histology
E. surface anatomy

systemic

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Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

A. histology
B. physiology
C. gross anatomy
D. radiology
E. cytology

gross anatomy

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Microscopic examination of a frozen tissue specimen is an application of which of the following disciplines?

A. histology
B. physiology
C. gross anatomy
D. radiology
E. regional anatomy

histology

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An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how changes in pH affect the function of enzymes on digestion is most likely to be a(n)

A. neurologist.
B. anatomist.
C. engineer.
D. physiologist.
E. histologist.

physiologist

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An organelle is

A. a small structure within a cell.
B. a structure composed of several tissue types.
C. the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
D. a group of organs with a common set of functions.
E. a group of cells with similar structure and function.

a small structure within a cell

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An organ is
A. a small structure within a cell.
B. a structure composed of several tissue types.
C. the basic structural unit of all living organisms.
D. a group of molecules with a common set of functions.
E. a group of cells with similar structure and function.

a structure composed of several tissue types

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A cell is
A. a small structure within a molecule.
B. a structure composed of several tissue types.
C. the basic structural unit of living organisms.
D. a group of organs with a common set of functions.
E. a group of atoms with similar structure and function.

the basic structural unit of living organisms

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A tissue is a

A. structure contained within a cell.
B. lower level of organization than a cell.
C. group of organs that performs specific functions.
D. group of cells with similar structure and function.
E. structure that contains a group of organs.

group of cells with similar structure and function

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An organ system is

a group of organs with a common set of functions

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Which of the following systems carries necessary compounds like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?

A. nervous
B. cardiovascular
C. urinary
D. lymphatic
E. respiratory

cardiovascular

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Which organ system is the location of blood cell production?
A. cardiovascular
B. skeletal
C. digestive
D. nervous
E. endocrine

skeletal

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Which body system would be affected by degeneration of cartilage in joints?
A. muscular
B. nervous
C. cardiovascular
D. skeletal
E. lymphatic

skeletal

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The gallbladder, liver, and stomach are all part of the
A. endocrine system.
B. cardiovascular system.
C. skeletal system.
D. respiratory system.
E. digestive system.

digestive system

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The integumentary system A. regulates body temperature. B. breaks down food into small particles for absorption. C. controls intellectual functions. D. produces body movements. E. coordinates and integrates body function.

regulates body temperature

What system removes nitrogenous waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance? A. respiratory B. lymphatic C. cardiovascular D. immune E. urinary

urinary

An organism's ability to use energy in order to swim is an example of A. metabolism. B. responsiveness. C. organization. D. maturation. E. development.

metabolism

The changes an organism undergoes through time is called A. organization. B. metabolism. C. reproduction. D. growth. E. development.

development

Nerve cells generate electrical signals in response to changes in the environment. This is an example of A. respiration. B. digestion. C. movement. D. filtration. E. responsiveness.

responsiveness

An increase in the number of cells is A. reproduction. B. growth. C. differentiation. D. metabolism. E. organization.

growth

Which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? A. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac (heart) muscle decreases. B. As the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner. C. Men working in a hot environment drink large quantities of water, and their urine volume increases. D. As body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate. E. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase.

elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion (insulin causes cells to take up glucose) to increase

Which of the following is consistent with homeostasis? A. As body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body. B. When a person drinks large quantities of water, urine output decreases to raise blood volume. C. Elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to decline. D. Decreases in blood pressure cause a corresponding decrease in heart rate. E. As blood pressure falls, blood flow to the heart decreases.

as body temperature rises, sweating occurs to cool the body

In a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector A. reverses the original stimulus. B. enhances the original stimulus. C. has no effect on the original stimulus. D. is usually damaging to the body. E. creates a cycle that leads away from homeostasis.

reverses the original stimulus

A researcher discovered a sensory receptor that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in the blood. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is likely that stimulation of this sensory receptor will produce which of the following types of responses? A. a decrease in heart rate B. an increase in the respiratory rate C. an increase in physical activity D. unconsciousness E. both a decrease in heart rate and an increase in the respiratory rate

in increase in the respiratory rate

Which of the following is NOT a component of a negative feedback mechanism? A. effector B. stabilizer C. control center D. receptor

stabilizer

T/F: Positive-feedback mechanisms are always damaging to the body.

false

The anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" is

lateral

The thumb is ___ to the fifth digit (little finger). A. distal B. lateral C. medial D. proximal E. superficial

lateral

Which of the following describes the position of the nose? A. inferior to the chin B. superior to the forehead C. posterior to the ears D. lateral to the eyes E. superior to the mouth

superior to the mouth

The shoulder is _____ to the elbow. A. lateral B. dorsal C. distal D. ventral E. proximal

proximal

A term that means "toward the attached end of a limb" is

proximal

Which of the following is most inferior in location? A. pelvic cavity B. mediastinum C. diaphragm D. pleural cavity E. pericardial cavity

pelvic cavity

While Stacy is in the process of passing over the bar during a pole vault, her hips are considered to be A. anterior to her shoulders. B. posterior to her shoulders. C. inferior to her shoulders. D. superior to her shoulders. E. cephalic to her shoulders.

inferior to her shoulders

Cephalic means A. toward the middle or midline of the body. B. away from the surface. C. closer to the head. D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. E. toward the back of the body.

closer to the head

Posterior means A. toward the middle or midline of the body. B. away from the surface. C. closer to the head. D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. E. toward the back of the body.

toward the back of the body

Medial means A. toward the middle or midline of the body. B. away from the surface. C. closer to the head. D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. E. toward the back of the body.

toward the middle or midline of the body

Proximal means A. toward the middle or midline of the body. B. away from the surface. C. closer to the head. D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. E. toward the back of the body.

closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk

Deep means A. toward the middle or midline of the body. B. away from the surface. C. closer to the head. D. closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk. E. toward the back of the body.

away from the surface

In the expression "Let your fingers do the walking," which of the following anatomical terms could be substituted for "fingers?" A. tarsals B. manuals C. digits D. carpals E. metatarsals

digits

The anatomical arm refers to the part of the upper limb from the A. shoulder to the wrist. B. elbow to the wrist. C. shoulder to the elbow. D. elbow to the fingers. E. shoulder to the fingers.

shoulder to the elbow

The lumbar region is the A. area in front of the elbow. B. chest area. C. lower back. D. bottom of foot. E. forearm.

lower back

The antecubital region is the A. area in front of the elbow. B. chest area. C. lower back. D. bottom of foot. E. forearm.

area in front of the elbow

The antebrachial region is the A. area in front of the elbow. B. chest area. C. lower back. D. bottom of foot. E. forearm.

forearm

The pectoral region is the A. area in front of the elbow. B. chest area. C. lower back. D. bottom of foot. E. forearm.

chest area

The plantar surface is the A. area in front of the elbow. B. chest area. C. lower back. D. bottom of foot. E. forearm.

bottom of foot

The brachial region is commonly known as the A. groin. B. buttock. C. breastbone. D. upper arm. E. naval.

upper arm

The inguinal region is commonly known as the A. groin. B. buttock. C. breastbone. D. upper arm. E. naval.

groin

The gluteal region is commonly known as the A. groin. B. buttock. C. breastbone. D. upper arm. E. naval.

buttock

The sternal region is commonly known as the A. groin. B. buttock. C. breastbone. D. upper arm. E. naval.

breastbone

The umbilical region is commonly known as the A. groin. B. buttock. C. breastbone. D. upper arm. E. naval.

naval

The cervical region is the A. calf. B. armpit. C. hollow behind the knee. D. neck. E. thigh.

neck

The popliteal region is the A. calf. B. armpit. C. hollow behind the knee. D. neck. E. thigh.

hollow behind the knee

The sural region is the A. calf. B. armpit. C. hollow behind the knee. D. neck. E. thigh.

calf

The axillary region is the A. calf. B. armpit. C. hollow behind the knee. D. neck. E. thigh.

armpit

The femoral region is the A. calf. B. armpit. C. hollow behind the knee. D. neck. E. thigh.

thigh

A vertical plane that separates the body into right and left portions is called a _____ plane. A. sagittal B. transverse C. frontal D. horizontal E. coronal

sagittal

"Cutting off your nose" would be a section in the _____ plane. A. coronal B. nasal C. median D. transverse E. sagittal

coronal

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the _____ cavity. A. pleural B. thoracic C. inguinal D. pelvic E. abdominal

abdominal

The suffix "-itis" means inflammation. Which of the following terms means inflammation of the membrane lining the body cavity that contains the liver? A. pericarditis B. peritonitis C. pleurisy D. colitis E. hepatitis

peritonitis

The wall of the abdominopelvic cavity is lined by a serous membrane called the

parietal peritoneum

The serous membrane that covers the lungs

visceral pleura

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities

parietal peritoneum

A double-layered serous membrane that anchors some of the abdominal organs to the body wall.

mesentery

The space located between the visceral and parietal pleura

pleural cavity

The membrane that lines the pericardial sac.

parietal pericardium

What branch of physiology would study the effects of sunbathing on the skin? A. cell physiology B. systemic physiology C. regional physiology D. organ physiology

organ physiology

T/F: The part of the feedback mechanism that processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action is the receptor.

false

Which of the following is not a function of the control center within a feedback mechanism? A. receives and processes information B. controls effectors C. establishes a set point D. detects a change in the value of a variable

detects a change in the value of a variable

In reference to the body temperature in living organisms, the set point can be defined as the A. ideal normal value B. current specific value C. amount of change that must occur for a condition to return to ideal normal value

ideal normal value

Which of the following is not a characteristic of homeostatic variables? A. their values can change B. they must remain within a narrow change C. they always remain at a fixed value

they always remain at a fixed value

T/F: The control center compares input from a receptor with the ideal normal value for a condition called a set point.

true

Imagine the following scernerio: Blood pressure decreases below normal levels.→ Blood flow to the heart decreases → Heart is unable to pump as much blood.→ Blood pressure decreases even more. This is an example of _____ feedback. A. positive B. negative

positive

Imagine the following scenario: Platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel → Platelets secrete various substances → Platelets adhere to a damaged blood vessel This is an example of _____ feedback. A. positive B. negative

positive

Positive feedback mechanisms are more commonly seen in ______ individuals. A. healthy B. unhealthy

unhealthy

T/F: Positive feedback mechanisms are less common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.

true

A person lying with his/her face down is said to be in what position? A. supine B. prone C. anatomical D. reverse

prone

Which of the following is not a term that describes a cut that separates the body into left and right portions? A. sagittal B. median C. parasagittal D. coronal

coronal

The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior portions is called A. transverse B. frontal C. sagittal

frontal

T/F: Whereas a 'plane' describes an imaginary flat surface, a 'section' describes a way to cut an organ.

true

A cut through the long axis of an organ is a(n) A. longitudinal section B. oblique section C. transverse section

longitudinal section

T/F: The thoracic cavity is divided into right and left parts by a median partition called the sternum.

false

T/F: Both the spleen and the urinary bladder are contained within the pelvic cavity subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity.

false

T/F: The kidneys are contained within the pelvic cavity subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity.

false

An example of a structure contained by the mediastinum is the: A. brain B. stomach C. esophagus D. sternum E. lung

esophagus

T/F: Scientists believe that any significant change in the composition of the microbiome of the human integumentary system may increase a person’s susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

false

Early research seems to indicate that any significant change in the profile of the microbiome of the human ___ may increase a person's susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. (not the ______ system)

gut; integumentary system

T/F: It has been suggested by some scientists that early exposure to antibiotics significantly change in the makeup of the microbes in the human intestines may increase a person’s susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease and asthma.

true

There are more microbial cells than human cells in your body and the health of this microbiota clearly influences human well-being. How many microbes are there?. A. For every cell in your body, there are one hundred microbial cells. B. For every cell in your body, there are one thousand microbial cells. C. For every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells. D. For every cell in your body, there are ten thousand microbial cells.

for every cell in your body, there are ten microbial cells

A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude? A. If the drug was effective in a large number of mice, it will therefore be effective in humans. B. If the drug was effective in a small proportion of mice, it will be effective in a small proportion of humans. C. The mice have provided a positive control in this experiment that proves the drug is effective in humans. D. The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans. E. The effect of the drug on mice has no bearing on the effect of the drug on humans.

the drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans

With regard to the validity of biomedical research in physiological studies, which statement is correct? A. Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different. B. Although the individual variables may be the same in some animal species, the general homeostatic mechanisms are often very different.

Although the general homeostatic mechanisms may be the same in some animal species, the individual variables are often very different.

T/F: Many undergraduate anatomy programs study cats and rats in laboratory settings. Use of these animal is ideal because they are inexpensive and although they are physically smaller, the internal structures are identical to humans.

false

T/F: With regard to biomedical research: Because rats, pigs, apes, and other mammals share over 90% of the same genes as humans, these animals are always good predictors for how humans will respond to a specific drug therapy.

false

T/F: With regard to biomedical research: It has been found that drugs that are toxic to one mammal species will be toxic to another mammal species.

false

T/F: With regard to biomedical research: Rats and humans share over 90% of the same genes.

true

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The coordinated activity of the organ systems is necessary for normal function. B. Because organ systems are so interrelated, dysfunction in one organ system can have profound effects on other systems. C. An organism is any living thing considered as a whole whether composed of one cell such as a bacteria or trillions of cells such as a human. D. Living things are highly organized and disruption of this organized state can lead to loss of function and death. E. All of these statements are true

all of these statements are true

Chapter 1 - The Human Organism Flashcards

(106 cards)