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Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychology Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

Psyche

A

Mind

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3
Q

Logos

A

Knowledge

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4
Q

Behavior

A

Overt; can be directly observed

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5
Q

Mental processes

A

Covert; cannot be directly observed

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6
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Information gathered from direct observation

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7
Q

Behaviorism/Learning

A

How the consequences of our overt actions shape our future behavior(s)

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8
Q

Development

A

Course of human growth and development (“womb to tomb”)

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9
Q

Personality

A

Traits, motivations, and individual differences

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10
Q

Sensation and Perception

A

How we come to know the world through our five senses

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11
Q

Cognitive

A

How reasoning, problem solving, and other mental processes relate to human behavior

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12
Q

Social

A

How people think, act, and feel in the presence of others

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13
Q

Industrial/Organizational

A

Apply psychology in the workplace

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14
Q

Evolutionary

A

How our behavior is guided by patterns that evolved during human history

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15
Q

Forensic

A

The application of psychology to issues relating to law and the legal system

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16
Q

Cultural

A

How culture affects human behavior

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17
Q

Biopsychology

A

Study of the brain and neurotransmitters, and how they influence our thoughts and behavior

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18
Q

Positive psychology

A

Study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior

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19
Q

Health

A

Relationship between psychological factors and physical health

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20
Q

Psychologists

A

Usually have masters or doctorate; trained in methods, knowledge, and theories of psychology

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21
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

Treat psychological problems or do research on therapies and mental illnesses

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22
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

Treat milder problems, such as poor adjustment at work or at school

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23
Q

Psychiatrists

A

MD; usually use medications to treat problems; generally do not have extensive training in providing “talk” therapy

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24
Q

The Scientific Method

A

Observing
Defining a problem
Proposing a hypothesis (an educated guess that can be tested)
Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis
Publishing results
Building a theory

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25
Theory
An explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events
26
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the theory
27
Operation definition
States exact procedures used to represent a concept; allows abstract ideas to be tested in real-world terms (measuring)
28
Description/ Naturalistic Observation
observing a person or an animal in the environment in which they/it live(s)
29
Observer Effect
changes in a subject's behavior caused by an awareness of being observed
30
Observer Bias
occurs when observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details
31
Correlations and Relationships
existence of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures, or variables
32
Coefficient of Correlation
statistic ranging from -1.00 to 1.00; the sign indicates the direction of the relationship
33
Positive correlation
increases in a one variable are matched by increases in the other variable
34
Negative Correlation
increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other varaible
35
Correlation does not demonstrate causation
Just because two variables are related does NOT mean that one variable causes the other to occur
36
Experiment group
the group of subjects that gets the independent variable
37
Control group
the group of subjects that does NOT get the independent value
38
Random assignment
subject has an equal chance of being in either the experimental or control group
39
Independent variable
condition(s) altered by the experimenter; experimenter sets their, size, amount, or value
40
Dependent variable
demonstrates results of the experiment; the variable that is used to measure change
41
Extraneous variables
conditions that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcomes of the experiment
42
Placebo
a fake pill (sugar) or injection (saline)
43
Placebo Effect
changes in behavior that result from expectations that a drug or other treatment will have some effect; the belief that one has taken an active drug
44
Experiment effects
changes in behavior caused by the unintended influence of the experimenter
45
self-fulfilling prophecy
a prediction that leads people to act in ways to make the prediction come true
46
single blind
only the subjects have no idea whether they are in the experimental or control group
47
double blind
the subjects AND the experimenters have no idea whether the subjects are in control or experimental groups
48
Wilhelm Wundt
"Father" of Psychology; set up first lab to study conscious experience (1879)
49
Tichener
brought Wundt's ideas to the US and renamed Structuralism; tried to put experiences into basic "elements"
50
William James
Functionalism;how the mind functions to help us adapt to our environment
51
Darwin/Natural Selection
admired by functionalists; animals keep features through evolution that help them adapt to environments
52
Behavorism
psychology must study observable behavior objectively
53
Watson
studied Little Albert with Rosalie Raynor
54
Skinner
studied animals almost exclusively
55
Cognitive
study thoughts, memory, expectations, perceptions, and other mental processes
56
Cognitive behaviorism
Our thoughts influence our behaviors; used often in treatment of depression; Ellis and Bandura
57
Gestalt
Max Wertheimer; study thinking, learning, and perception as whole units, not by analyzing experience into parts
58
Psychoanalytical Theory
Our behavior is largely influenced by our unconscious wishes, thoughts, and desires, especially sex and aggression; Freud
59
Psychoanalysis
first talking therapy – explored unconscious conflicts and emotional problems
60
Humanism
Goal of psychology is to study unique aspects of the person; focuses on subjective human experience; Each person has innate goodness and is able to make free choices (contrast with Freud) – free will; Rogers and Maslow
61
Maslow
self-actualization: develop one's full potential and become the best person you can be
62
His is school of thought is called | structuralism
Edward Titchener
63
Believed in functionalism
William James
64
Considered to be the founding father | of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
65
Believed in the importance of | unconscious thoughts
Sigmund Freud
66
Focused on overt behaviors and the | consequences of our actions
John Watson
67
Heavily influenced by Darwin’s | theory of natural selection
William James
68
Focused on free-will and the unique | aspects of the person
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Psychology (14 decks)

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