Chapter 4: Developing Through the Life Span

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

the study of progressive changes in behavior and abilities

Question 2

Heredity (Nature)

Answer 2

transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children through genes

Question 3

Environment (Nurture)

Answer 3

all external conditions that affect development

Question 4

Sensitive Periods

Answer 4

a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences

Question 5

Congenital Problem

Answer 5

a problem or defect that occurs during prenatal development

Question 6

maternal nutrition

Answer 6

malnutrition linked to infant apathy, irritability, and reduced immune responses

Question 7

maternal drug use

Answer 7

tobacco, alcohol, prescription, and illegal drugs

Question 8

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 8

congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Question 9

maternal illness

Answer 9

syphilis, mumps, genital herpes, severe influenza

Question 10

adaptive problems

Answer 10

issues that ancestors had to successfully deal with in order to survive and reproduce

Question 11

adaptations

Answer 11

evolved solutions to such problems (adaptive)

Question 12

teratogens

Answer 12

substances that cause defects in the developing embryo
(viruses, radiation, and chemicals)

Many plants produce toxins as a defense against predators and our taste buds have evolved to sense this
Not a big problem as an adult; HUGE problem as an embryo though

Question 13

Margie Profet’s Hypothesis

Answer 13

pregnancy sickness is an adaptation to prevent the ingestion of teratogens.
Food aversions, nausea, ans vomiting
Most repugnant food= the most toxic
Pregnancy sickness occurs when fetus is most vulnerable

Question 14

Quality of Attachment

Answer 14

Ainsworth studied attachment using separation anxiety as a measure

Question 15

Separation Anxiety

Answer 15

Crying and signs of fear when a child is left alone or is with a stranger

Question 16

Secure

Answer 16

stable and positive emotional bond; upset by mother’s absence

Question 17

Insecure-Avoidant

Answer 17

tendency to avoid reunion with parent or caregiver

Question 18

Insecure-Ambivalent

Answer 18

desire to be with parent or caregiver and some resistance to being reunited (unsure of stability)

Question 19

Separation anxiety peaks at

Answer 19

13 months of age,regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care
(age when children start to walk)

Question 20

Harlow’s Monkey Study

Answer 20

• Harlow built 2 “mothers”
• Mother 1: bare, bony wire mesh w/ a bottle of milk built into it - food but NO comfort
• Mother 2: fuzzy terry cloth with a light bulb built-in that provided warmth - comfort but NO milk
Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed.

Question 21

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 21

enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority

Question 22

Overly Permissive

Answer 22

Give little guidance. Allow too much freedom, or don’t hold children accountable for their actions

Question 23

Authoritative

Answer 23

provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection

Question 24

Power assertion

Answer 24

using physical punishment or a show of force

Question 25

Withdrawal of Love

Answer 25

withholding affection; refusing to speak to a child or threatening to leave

Question 26

Management Techniques

Answer 26

combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to encourage desirable

Question 27

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 27

Stages of Moral Development

Question 28

Moral Development

Answer 28

When we acquire values, beliefs, and thinking abilities that guide responsible behavior

Question 29

Preconventional

Answer 29

(1) moral thinking guided by consequences of actions

Question 30

Conventional

Answer 30

(2) reasoning based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values

Question 31

Postconventional

Answer 31

(3) follows self-accepted moral principles

Question 32

Erik Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Dilemmas

Answer 32

* Stage One: Trust versus Mistrust (Birth-1): Children are completely dependent on others * Stage Two: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (1-3): Doing things for themselves vs. overprotective parents. * Stage Three: Initiative versus Guilt (3-5): Encourage and support the child in their interests vs. criticizing * Stage Four: Industry versus Inferiority (6-12): Praised for productive activities * Stage Five (Adolescence): Identity versus Role Confusion: Adolescents; “Who am I?” * Stage Six (Young adulthood): Intimacy versus Isolation: Able care about others vs. feeling alone * Stage Seven (Middle adulthood): Generativity versus Stagnation: Guiding next generation * Stage Eight (Late adulthood): Integrity versus Despair: Self-respect vs. regret

Question 33

Jean Piaget

Answer 33

believed that all children passed through a set series of stages during their intellectual development.

Question 34

Schema

Answer 34

a mental framework centering on a specific theme, that helps us to organize social information

Question 35

Assimilation

Answer 35

the process of incorporating new experiences into already existing schemas

Question 36

Accommodation

Answer 36

the process of incorporating new experiences into new and different schemas

Question 37

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 37

Babies take in the world by looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping. Children older than 6 months begin to grasp object permanence – the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 38

Preoperational Stage

Answer 38

(2-7 Years): Children begin to use language, but their thinking is still intuitive and egocentric.

Question 39

Intuitive

Answer 39

makes little use of reasoning and logic

Question 40

Egocentric Thought

Answer 40

thought that is unable to accommodate viewpoints of others

Question 41

Animism

Answer 41

the belief that all things are living, just like oneself

Question 42

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 42

(7-11Years): Children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number BUT in ways that remain simplified and concrete, not abstract.

Question 43

Conservation

Answer 43

Mass, weight, and volume remain unchanged when the shape or appearance of objects changes

Question 44

Formal Operations Stage

Answer 44

(11 Years and Up): Thinking now includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas

Question 45

Abstract ideas

Answer 45

child is able to understand difficult abstract concepts such as love and prejudice

Question 46

Hypothetical Possibilities

Answer 46

Hypothetical or "what if" thinking is present for the first time