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A&P > Chapter 10, 11, 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 10, 11, 12 Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What are the two functions of muscles?

A

Movement and Stability

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3
Q

Internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, bile, and other materials.

A

Sphincters

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4
Q

___ of your body heat is produced by skeletal muscles

A

85%

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5
Q

Slightly thicker layer of connective tissue on outside winning of fascicle

A

Perimysium

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6
Q

Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fiber.
Allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

Fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

Sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

A

Fascia

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9
Q

Tendons bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachments
Muscle to bone

A

Indirect

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10
Q

____ ____ of the end-, peri-, and epimysium continue into this tendon

A

Collagen Fibers

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11
Q

Attachment to bone with no tendon

Little separation between muscle and bone

A

Direct (Fleshy)

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12
Q

Bony attachment at stationary end of muscle

A

Origin

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13
Q

Thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion

A

Belly

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14
Q

Bony attachment to mobile end of muscle

A

Insertion

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15
Q

To chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

A

Responsiveness

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16
Q

Electrical

Local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

A

Conductivity

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17
Q

Contracts

Shortens when stimulated

A

Contractility

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18
Q

Stretched

Capable of being stretched between contractions

A

Extensibility

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19
Q

Recoil

Returns to its original resting length after being stretched

A

Elasticity

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20
Q

Voluntary, stated muscle attached to one or more bones

A

Skeletal Muscle

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21
Q

Alternating light and dark transverse bands

A

Striations

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22
Q

Usually subject to conscious control

A

Voluntary

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23
Q

As long as 30 cm

A

Muscle Cell, Muscle Fiber (myocyte)

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24
Q

Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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25
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm
26
Bundles of proteins | Long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm
Myofibrils
27
Stores sugar | Stored in abundance to provide energy with heightened exercise
Glycogen
28
Red pigment; stores oxygen needed for muscle activity
Myoglobin
29
Flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma
Multiple Nuclei
30
Stem cells that fuse to form each muscle | Muscle building cells
Myoblasts
31
Unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium
Satellite Cells
32
Packed into spaces between myofibrils | Produces ATP
Mitochondria
33
Contractile park of muscles
Sarcomere (sarco)
34
Smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril calcium reservoir
``` Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- new name ```
35
Calcium activates the muscle contraction process
Calcium Reservoir
36
Dilated end- sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other
Terminal Cisternae
37
Tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side
T Tubules
38
A T tubule and two terminal cisterns
Traid
39
Made of several hundred myosin molecules | Golf club shape
Thick Filaments
40
Two intertwined strands
Fibrous (F) Actin
41
String of ________ subunits each with an active that can bind to head of myosin molecule
Globular (G) Actin
42
Each blocking six or seven active sites on G actin subunits
Tropomyosin Molecules
43
Small, calcium- binding protein on each tropomyosin molecule
Troponin
44
Myosin and actin do the work
Contractile Proteins
45
Tropomyosin and troponin
Regulatory Proteins
46
Huge, springy protein
Titin Proteins
47
________ are made out of Titin Proteins
Elastic Filaments
48
_________ are to make sure everything is connected and anchored together so contraction can occur
Accessory Proteins
49
Most clinically important
Dystrophin
50
Genetic defects in dystrophin produce disabling disease
Muscular Dystrophy
51
_____ and _____ are proteins that occur in all cells
Myosin; Actin
52
Dark; part where thick and thin filaments overlap is especially dark
A Band
53
Middle of A band; thick filaments only
H Band
54
Middle of H Band
M Line
55
Alternating lighter band
I band
56
Provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments
Z Disc
57
Segment from Z disc to Z disc
Sarcomere
58
Skeletal muscle _____ contracts unless stimulated by a nerve
Never
59
Shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when connection not restored
Denervation Atrophy
60
Nerve cells whose cell bodies are in the brainstem and spinal cord that serve skeletal muscles
Somatic Motor Neurons
61
Their axons that lead to the skeletal muscle
Somatic Motor Fibers
62
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
Motor Unit
63
200 muscle fibers for each motor unit
Average Motor Unit
64
Fine degree of control
Small Motor Units
65
More strength than control
Large Motor Units
66
Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell
Synapse
67
When target cell is a muscle fiber | Connection point between a nueron and muscle cell
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
68
Swollen end of nerve fiber
Synaptic Knob
69
Tiny gap between synaptic knob and muscle sarcolemma
Synaptic Cleft
70
Envelops and isolates all of the NMJ from surrounding tissue fluid
Schwann Cell
71
Synaptic vesicles undergo _______ releasing ACh into synaptic cleft
Exocytosis
72
Thin layer of collagen and glycoprotein separates Schwann cell and entire muscle cell from surrounding tissues
Basal Lamina
73
___________ breaks down ACh after contraction causing relaxation
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
74
_______ and _____ are electrically excitable cells
Muscle Fibers and Neurons
75
The study of the electrical activity of cells
Electrophysiology
76
A difference in electrical charge from one point to another
Voltage (electrical potential)
77
About -70 mV | Maintained by sodium potassium pumps
Resting Membrane Potential
78
Quick up and down voltage shift from the negative RMP to a positive value, and back to the negative value again
Action Potential
79
A stable voltage seen in a waiting muscle or nerve cell
RMP
80
A quick fluctuating voltage seen in an Active Stimulated Cell
Action Potential
81
Bundles of muscle fibers wrapped in Perimysium
Fascicles

A&P (9 decks)

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