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Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

A long threadlike molecule with uniform diameter, but varied length.

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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2
Q

Double ring; Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)

A

Purines

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3
Q

Single ring; Cytosine (C) & Thymine (T)

A

Pyrimidines

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4
Q

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

A

DNA Bases

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5
Q

Genetic instructions for synthesis of proteins

A

Genes

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6
Q

Segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

A

Gene

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7
Q

All the genes and other DNA of one person

A

Genome

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8
Q

Fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

Two parallel filaments of identical DNA

A

Sister Chromatids

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10
Q

Much smaller cousin of DNA (fewer bases), one nucleotide chain

A

RNA

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11
Q

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

A

RNA Bases

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12
Q

Blueprint

A

mRNA

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13
Q

Workers

A

rRNA

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14
Q

Transporters

A

tRNA

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15
Q

Identified the nitrogenous base sequences of 99% of the human genome

A

Human Genome Project (1990-2003)

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16
Q

The study of genome

A

Genomics

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17
Q

DNA–> mRNA–> Protein

A

Process of protein synthesis

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18
Q

Step from DNA to mRNA

-Occurs in the nucleus

A

Transcription

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19
Q

Step from mRNA to protein

-Occurs in the cytoplasm

A

Translation

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20
Q

Changes in DNA structure due to replication errors or environmental factors

A

Mutations

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21
Q

The cells life cycle that extends from one division to the next

A

Cell Cycle

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22
Q

The first gap phase; preparation for DNA replication

A

G1 Phase

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23
Q

Synthesis phase; cell is actively replication the DNA, & duplicating the centrioles to prepare for cell division

A

S Phase

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24
Q

Second gap phase; finishes duplicating centrioles, repairs DNA replication errors.

A

G2 Phase

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25
Mitotic phase; cell replicates its nucleus, pinches in two to form new daughter cells.
M Phase
26
Collections of G1, S, and G2 phases
Interphase
27
cells that have left the cycle for a "rest"; cell isn't resting but just taking a break from the cell cycle.
G zero phase
28
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Phases of mitosis
29
Nuclear envelope disintegrates and releases chromosomes into cytosol. Centrioles sprout elongated microtubules called spindle fibers.
Prophase
30
Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator
Metaphase
31
Array of spinal fibers move chromosomes to the middle
Mitotic Spindle
32
Activation of an enzyme that cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere Daughter chromosomes migrate towards each pole of the cell with centromere leading the way
Anaphase
33
Chromatids (chromosomes) cluster on each side of the cell Rough ER produces new nuclear envelope around each cluster Chromatids begin to uncoil and form chromatin Mitotic spindle breaks up and vanishes
Telophase
34
The division of cytoplasm into two cells | separate from Mitosis
Cytokinesis
35
Transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring
Hereditary
36
Chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size and other physical features
Karyotype
37
XX
Female
38
XY
Male
39
Any cell with 23 pairs of chromosomes (somatic cells)
Diploid
40
Contains half as many chromosomes as somatic cells: sperm and egg cells (germ cells)
Haploid
41
The location of a gene
Locus
42
Different forms of gene at the same locus on two homologous chromosomes
Alleles
43
Represented in capital letters
Dominant Allele
44
Represented in lower case letters
Recessive Allele
45
The alleles that an individual possesses for a particular trait
Genotype
46
Two identical alleles for a trait
Homozygous
47
different alleles for that gene
Heterozygous
48
An observable trait
Phenotype
49
Perform genetic testing or refer clients for tests, advise couples on the probability of transmitting genetic diseases, etc.
Genetic Counselors
50
Collective genetic make up of the population as a whole
Genetic Pool
51
More than two allelic forms for a trait | ex: 3 alleles for ABO blood types
Multiple Alleles
52
Both alleles equally dominant | get both & you see both
Codominant
53
Phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone (get both & see a mixture because both aren't fully expressed)
Incomplete dominance
54
Multiple genes influencing a trait. | 3 genes that make 1 trait
Polygenic
55
One gene that influences multiple traits | 1 gene that makes 3 traits
Pleiotropy
56
Carried on the X and Y chromosomes, and tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other
Sex-linked Traits
57
Slow growth; contained in fibrous capsule; will not metastasize; usually easy to treat
Benign Tumor
58
Fast growing; called cancer; metastasizes
Malignant Tumor
59
Give off cells that seed the growth of multiple tumors by spreading and moving too other parts of the body
Metastasize
60
Medical specialty that deals with both benign and malignant tumors
Oncology
61
In growth of blood vessels stimulated by energy | hungry tumors
Tumor Angiogenesis
62
In epithelial tissue
Carcinomas
63
In lymph nodes
Lymphomas
64
In pigment cells of epidermis | melanocytes
Melanomas
65
In blood- forming tissues
Leukemias
66
In bone, other connective tissue, or muscle
Sarcomas
67
Anything that increases the likely hood of mutations in cell division (environmental cancer- causing agents)
Carcinogen
68
Ultraviolet rays, X-Rays | type of carcinogen
Radiation
69
Cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals | type of carcinogen
Chemicals
70
Human papilloma virus, hepatitis C, and type 2 herpes simplex (type of carcinogen)
Viruses

A&P (9 decks)

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