Chapter 3 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
____ are responsible for all structural and functional properties of a living organism.
A
Cells
2
Q
Scientific study of cells.
A
Cytology
3
Q
- All organisms are composed of cells & cell products.
- The cell is the simplest structural & functional unit of life.
- Organism’s structure & function are due to the activities of its cells.
- Cells only come from pre existing cells
A
Modern Cell Theory
4
Q
Thin & flat with nucleus creating bulge- large surface area.
A
Squamous
5
Q
Irregularly angular shapes with 4 or more sides.
A
Polygonal
6
Q
Star like shape.
A
Stellate
7
Q
Squarish and about as tall as it is wide.
A
Cuboidal
8
Q
Taller than it is wide.
A
Columnar
9
Q
Round to oval
A
Spheroid to Ovoid
10
Q
Disc-shaped
A
Discoid
11
Q
Thick in middle, tapered toward the end
A
Fusiform
12
Q
Thread like shape
A
Fibrous
13
Q
10-15 micrometers in diameter
A
Human Cell
14
Q
Why are some cells smaller?
A
Surface Area to Volume Ratio
15
Q
Cell growth increases ____ more than _____.
A
Volume; Surface Area
16
Q
_____ takes longer if cells are larger
A
Diffusion
17
Q
Everything between the nucleus and surface membrane
A
Cytoplasm
18
Q
Liquid outside the nucleus
A
Cytosol
19
Q
The ability to reveal detail
A
Resolution
20
Q
Zooming in on a picture
A
Magnification
21
Q
___ made up of proteins and phospholipids and cholesterol
A
Plasma Membrane
22
Q
Organelles, cytoskeleton, cytosol (ICF)
A
Cytoplasm
23
Q
Fluid outside of the cell
A
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
24
Q
- Selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer
- defines cell boundaries
- controls passage of materials
- A barrier and a gateway between the cytoplasm and ECF
A
The Plasma Membrane
25
Side that faces cytoplasm
Intracellular Face
26
Side that faces outward
Extracellular Face
27
Molecules arranged in a bilayer
Amphiphilic
28
Phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane
Hydrophilic
29
Tails are directed toward the center- avoid water
Hydrophobic
30
_____ have to have a neutral charge
Membrane Proteins
31
- 'Lock and Key'
- Cell communication via chemical signals
- Surface proteins on plasma membrane of target cell
- Protein receptor----> second messenger systems
Receptors
32
Breakdown chemical messengers and hormones, whose job is done.
Enzymes
33
Transmembrane proteins with pores that allow water and dissolved ions to pass through membrane can____.
Increase or Decrease the Number of Proteins
34
(always open) Ion Channels, Gated Ion Channels, some channel proteins with bigger openings for larger molecules to pass through.
Diffusion
35
- Consumes ATP
| - Low---> High Concentration
Carrier Pumps
36
Enables body to identify which cells belong to it using carbohydrate chain
Cell- Identity Markers
37
Adhere cells to each other and to extracellular material
Cell- Adhesion Molecules (cAMs)
38
- Fuzzy coat external to plasma membrane
| - Cell identity markers collectively together
Glycocalyx
39
- Serves to increase cell's surface area
| - On some cells they are very dense and appear as fringe "brush border"
Microvilli
40
- Move fluid on outside of cell
| - Single, nonmotile primary cilium- like an antenna to detect if something is coming/ going to change.
Cilia
41
Tail of Sperm (moves it)
Flagella
42
- Requires no ATP
| - Movement from high--> low
Passive Transport
| Membrane Transport
43
- Consumes ATP
| - Movement from low--> high
Active Transport
| Membrane Transport
44
Mediated mechanisms use membrane protein to transport from one side of membrane to the other.
Carrier
| Membrane Transport
45
Parties are driven through membrane by hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
46
- High concentration to low concentration
- Passive Transport
- Diffusion through lipid bilayer- in between phospholipids
- Diffusion through channel proteins- 'gate' that cells control
- cells control proteins by opening & closing gates
Simple Diffusion
47
- Movement of water
| - Water---> Hypertonic Solution
Osmosis
48
Channel proteins in membrane specialized for passage of water
Aquaporins
49
Low concentration
| cell absorb water, swell, & may burst
Hypotonic Solution
50
High concentration
| cell lose water, may shrivel
Hypertonic Solution
51
Equalibrium
Isotonic Solution
52
Carries only one solute at a time
Uniport
53
Carries 2 or more solutes in same direction
| co-transport
Symport
54
Carries 2 or more solutes in opposite directions
| counter- transport
Antiport
55
High Concentration---> Low Concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
56
Low Concentration---> High Concentration
| sodium potassium pump-- Antiport
Active Transport
57
The Sodium Potassium Pump can move molecules in/ out of a cell instead of having water move. This is part of the _____.
Regulation of Cell Volume
58
- Movement of particles using vesicles
| - Requires ATP
Vesicular Transport
59
Consumes ATP & produces heat
Heat Production
60
- Temperature: higher, motion of particles faster
- Molecular weight: larger molecules move slower
- Steepness of concentrated gradient: bigger difference, higher rate
- Membrane surface area: bigger area, higher rate
- Membrane permeability: more permeability, faster the rate
Factors that affect Diffusion Rate through a membrane
61
- Bring material into cell
| - Requires ATP
Endocytosis
62
- "Cell Eating" engulfing large particles
| - Requires ATP
Phagocytosis
63
- "Cell Drinking" taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell
- Requires ATP
Pinocytosis
64
- Discharging material from the cell
| - Requires ATP
Exocytosis
65
- Determines the shape of cell
- Gives structural support
- Directs movement
Cytoskeleton
66
Nucleus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Complex
Membranous Organelles
67
Ribosomes
Non-membranous Organelles
68
Function: stores DNA
Nucleus
69
2 unit membranes surround nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
70
Material in nucleus
Nucleoplasm
71
Threadlike matter composed of DNA
Chromatin
72
Dark masses where ribosomes are produced
Nucleou
73
Transcription (DNA--> RNA)
Nucleus
74
Function: Assist in forming & packaging proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
75
Functions: Produces phospholipids & Synthesizes proteins
| Most Ribosomes are found here
Rough ER
76
Function: Synthesizes steroids & lipids, detoxifies alcohol, manufactures all membranes of cell
Lacks Ribosomes
Smooth ER
77
Function: Build proteins, read genetic messages and assemble amino acids into proteins
(made from proteins & RNA)
Ribosomes
78
Function: Modifies proteins
Golgi Complex
79
Function: Bundle up synthesized proteins
| most leave cell others stay and become lysosomes
Golgi Vesicles
80
Function: Destroy/ help destroy things that aren't supposed to be there or don't function anymore.
Lysosomes
81
Digest and dispose other organelles
Autophagy
82
"Cell Suicide"- destroy themselves
Autolysis
83
Function: Get rid of hydrogen peroxide & neutralize free radicals
-in all cells but abundant in liver &kidney
Peroxisomes
84
Function: organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
Glucose--> ATP
"Power Plant"
Mitochondria
85
Function: -Anchors the Cilia & Flagella to the rest of the cell
- Makes sure the chromosomes move where they need to during cell division
Centrioles & Centrosomes
86
Eukaryotic cells engulf others but doesn't destroy them
Endosymbiotic Theory
87
Function: Store Cellular Products
| -Not essential for cell survival & never enclosed in membrane
Inclusions
88
Glycogen granules, pigments (skin cells & hemoglobin), Fat droplets (excess energy)
Stored Cellular Products
89
Viruses, dust particles, bacteria, debris
Foreign Bodies
