Chapter 10

Question 1

What are vitamins measured in?

Answer 1

Micrograms and Milligrams

Question 2

What are the types of vitamin B’s?

Answer 2

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and vitamin B12.

Question 3

Water-Soluble Vitamins Absorption

Answer 3

Directly into the blood

Question 4

Water-Soluble Vitamins Transport

Answer 4

Travel freely

Question 5

Water-Soluble Vitamins Storage

Answer 5

Circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body

Question 6

Water-Soluble Vitamins Excretion

Answer 6

Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine.

Question 7

B vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid form part of what?

Answer 7

They form part of the coenzymes that assist enzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein. The vitamin portion of a coenzyme allows a chemical reaction to occur.

Question 8

How does thiamin(vitamin B1) plays a role in energy metabolism?

Answer 8

Thiamin is the vitamin part of the coenzyme TPP(thiamin pyrophosphate) which helps convert a 5-carbon compound to a 4-carbon compound.

Question 9

What type of people is thiamin deficiency is most common among?

Answer 9

Malnourished, homeless, people with empty-kcalorie foods and beverages, and like four out of five people who abuse alcohol since alcohol impairs thiamin absorption and can damage the brain and impair it’s function.

Question 10

Beriberi

Answer 10

The thiamin-deficiency disease characterized by muscles weakness, edema, or both.

Question 11

Dry and Wet Beriberi

Answer 11

Dry beriberi - reflects damage to the nervous system and is characterized by muscles weakness in the arms and legs.
Wet beriberi - reflects damage to the cardiovascular system and is characterized by dilated blood vessels, which cause the heart it to overwork and the kidneys to retain salt and water, resulting in edema.

Question 12

Thiamin Food Sources and RDA

Answer 12

•Pork; whole-grain and fortified or enriched grain products.
Cornflakes, fortified, tomato juice, pork, soy milk, squash, and acorn.
• RDA - Men (1.2mg/day) and Women (1.1mg/day)

Question 13

Thiamin Deficiency Symptoms

Answer 13

Heart enlargement and failure; muscular weakness, neurological disturbances (apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability); anorexia, weight loss.

Question 14

Thiamin Toxicity symptoms

Answer 14

None reported

Question 15

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Answer 15

• Riboflavin forms coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and deliver them to the electron transport chain.

•Deficiency symptoms - Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth

•RDA - Men (1.3mg/day) and Women (1.1mg/day)

•Food sources: Milk products (yogurt, cheese).

•Toxicity symptoms - None reported

Question 16

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Answer 16

•Protects against neurological degeneration.

•Deficiency disease - Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia).

•Deficiency symptoms - Diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, loss of memory, depression, etc.

•Toxicity Symptoms - Painful flush, hives, and rash; impaired glucose tolerance.

•Food sources - Meat, poultry, fish, and nuts (most protein foods).

•RDA - Men (16mg/day) and Women (14mg/day)

•UL - adults (35mg/day)

Question 17

Biotin

Answer 17

•It participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of amino acids.

•Deficiency Symptoms - Neurological disturbances (depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs); red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth, hair loss.

•Toxicity Symptoms - None reported

•AI - adults 30μg/ day

•Food sources - Widespread in natural foods (ex. Egg yolks); also produced by GI bacteria

Question 18

Pantothenic Acid

Answer 18

•Part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A, the same CoA that forms acetyl CoA.

•Deficiency Symptoms - stomach cramps; neurological disturbances (restlessness); hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin, and muscle cramps.

•Toxicity Symptoms - None reported

•Significant Sources - Widespread in foods (ex. Beef, poultry, potatoes, broccoli, tomatoes, and whole grains.)

•AI - adults 5mg/day

Question 19

Vitamin B6

Answer 19

•Chief Functions in the Body - Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and helps to make red blood cells.

•Deficiency Symptoms - Scaly dermatitis; microcytic anemia; depression, confusion; convulsions.

•Toxicity Symptoms - Irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions.

•Significant Sources - Meats, fish, poultry; potatoes and other starchy vegetables; noncitrus fruits.

•RDA - Adults (19-50 yr): 1.3 mg/day

•UL - Adults: 100 mg/day

Question 20

Folate

Answer 20

•Chief Functions in the Body - Part of coenzymes THE (tetrahydrofolate) and
DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation; activates vitamin B12.

•Deficiency Symptoms - Anemia (macrocytic); neurological disturbances (mental confusion, weakness, and fatigue.

•Toxicity Symptoms - Masks vitamin B12 -deficiency symptoms.

•Significant Sources - Dark green and leafy vegetables, legumes, and fruits.

•RDA - Adults: 400μg /day

•UL - Adults: 1000μg/day

Question 21

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Answer 21

•Functions in the body- Used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve
cells; activates folate; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino
acids.

•Deficiency Symptoms - Sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation.

•Deficiency Disease- Pernicious anemia

•Toxicity Symptoms- None reported

•Significant Sources- Foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified foods.

•RDA - adults 2.4μg/day

Question 22

Choline

Answer 22

•Functions in the body- Body
Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

•Deficiency Symptoms- Liver damage

•Toxicity Symptoms-Fishy body odor, sweating, salivation, low blood pressure, liver damage.

•Significant Sources- Milk, liver, eggs, peanuts.

•AI - Men: 550 mg/day and Women: 425 mg/day.
•UL - Adults: 3500 mg/day

Question 23

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)

Answer 23

•Roles - Act as an antioxidant, as a cofactor in collagen formation, in the prevention and treatment of the common cold and disease prevention.

•Scurvy - the vitamin C deficiency disease. Can be cured by raising vitamin C doses to 100 milligrams per day.

•Deficiency Symptoms- Pinpoint hemorrhages; joint pain; poor wound healing, inflamed and bleeding gums.

•Toxicity symptoms- Diarrhea, nausea, headache, vomiting, etc.

•RDA - Women 75mg/day, Men 90mg/day, and smokers an additional 35mg/day.

•Significant Sources- Citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, potatoes, and tomato juice, other vegetables (such as brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, and spinach) and fruits (such as strawberries).

Question 24

For folate/folic acid, know which form is more bioavailable.

Answer 24

Folic acid

Question 25

In what form should we consume most vitamins?

Answer 25

Through food

Question 26

Which deficiency disease produces the symptoms known as the “four Ds”?

Answer 26

Pellagra

Question 27

Which health problem results from a folate deficiency?

Answer 27

The production of red blood cells falters.

Question 28

Which method of food production is NOT destructive to pantothenic acid?

Answer 28

Microwaving

Question 29

How and where are water soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?

Answer 29

They are absorbed in the small intestine and are transported to the bloodstream.