Chapter 7

Question 1

The total chemical reactions that go on in living cells.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

The building of body compounds and it require energy.

Answer 2

Anabolism

Question 3

The breaking down of body compounds and it release energy.

Answer 3

Catabolism

Question 4

Adenosine triphosphate is the energy released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Answer 4

ATP

Question 5

Membrane bound cell organelle that generate chemical energy (ATP) to power biochemical reactions in cells. “Powerhouse cell”

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

The splitting of glucose, the starting substrates is one molecule of a 6-carbon glucose, and the ending compounds are two pyruvate molecules, four ATP molecules, and NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.)

Answer 6

Glycolysis (including starting substrates and ending compounds)

Question 7

It harnesses available chemical energy of acetyl CoA into reducing power of NADH. It takes place in the inner compartments of the mitochondria. It carries hydrogen atoms and electrons to the electron transport chain.

Answer 7

TCA Cycle (including starting substrates and ending compounds)

Question 8

Final pathway in energy metabolism and it transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures energy released in the bonds of ATP.

Answer 8

Electron Transport Chain

Question 9

Also known as fatty acid oxidation and it is the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA.

Answer 9

Beta Oxidation

Question 10

A bi-product produced in the body during normal metabolism. It is when cells break down carbohydrates for energy and it is produced when the demand for ATP and oxygen exceeds supply during intense exercise.

Answer 10

Lactate (including when it is produced)

Question 11

Is the process of breaking lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids. Ex. Triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a glycerol.

Answer 11

Lipolysis

Question 12

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose that the body uses to make energy.

Answer 12

Glycogenolysis

Question 13

The formation of glycogen and it happens when blood glucose levels are high to allow excess glucose to be stored in the liver and muscle cells.

Answer 13

Glycogenesis

Question 14

Is the process of producing lipids and it takes place in both the liver and adipose tissue.

Answer 14

Lipogenesis

Question 15

The process of protein getting converted into glucose and it takes place in the liver and kidneys.

Answer 15

Gluconeogenesis (including location)

Question 16

Is a two-carbon structure with a coenzyme attached.

Answer 16

Acetyl CoA (how many carbons?)

Question 17

One alcohol drink that contains ½ ounce of pure ethanol. Ex. 5 ounces of wine, 10 ounces of wine cooler, 12 ounces of beer, and 1 ½ ounces of liquor (80 proof distilled spirits.)

Answer 17

A standard alcoholic drink

Question 18

Is the Dietary Guidelines for Americans advice on the consumption of up to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.

Answer 18

Moderate drinking

Question 19

A pattern of drinking that raises blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or higher and is usually when women consume four or more drinks and five or more drinks for men in a single occasion.

Answer 19

Binge drinking

Question 20

State where in the cell anaerobic metabolism occurs. Which metabolic pathways are aerobic vs. anaerobic?

Answer 20

Anaerobic metabolism occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm, and aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochondria. The anaerobic metabolic pathway is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate to lactate and the aerobic metabolic pathway is when pyruvate breakdown to acetyl CoA.

Question 21

Which metabolic pathway(s) is/are anabolic vs. catabolic, and which hormones stimulate each pathway?

Answer 21

In anabolic reactions, it is the making of glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins, and the hormones that stimulate it are insulin, growth hormone, estrogen, and testosterone. In catabolic reactions, it is the breaking of down glycogen, triglycerides, proteins, glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids, and hormones that stimulate it is adrenaline, cortisol, and glucagon.

Question 22

Which compound is used directly by the body’s cells for energy? How is the energy released?

Answer 22

The compound that is used directly by the body’s cells for energy is ATP which is released during the breakdown of glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids. ATP energy is released by dephosphorylation, a hydrolysis reaction breaks one or two phosphate groups.

Question 23

Which substrates/nutrients are considered to be ketogenic? (can’t be transformed into glucose through a metabolic pathway—have to be turned into ketones to get energy)

Answer 23

Fatty acids and Amino acids

Question 24

Which substrates/nutrients are considered to be glucogenic? (can be transformed into glucose through metabolic pathways)

Answer 24

Carbohydrates or proteins through gluconeogenesis.

Question 25

Under low oxygen conditions/anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate? What does it get transformed into? What is the name of this metabolic pathway, and where does it occur?

Answer 25

When the electron transport chain is unable to accept hydrogens due to the lack of sufficient mitochondria or oxygen, pyruvate accepts the hydrogens and becomes lactate. During high-intensity exercise, pyruvate is converted to coenzymes that are released to allow glycolysis to continue since the muscles rely on anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP quickly.

Question 26

Tell what enzyme metabolizes alcohol in the stomach? In the liver? (first, second systems)

Answer 26

The stomach breaks down alcohol with its alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme, which is produced less in women than men and results in more alcohol reaching the intestine for absorption into the bloodstream. The liver also produces alcohol dehydrogenase to oxidize alcohol at a good rate.

Question 27

List the potential health risks associated with alcohol abuse. Describe two of them that can have long term consequences.

Answer 27

It can cause heart disease, lung disease, fatty livers, fibrosis, cirrhosis, high blood pressure, digestive problems, kidney disease, infertility, etc. Permanent brain damage and cirrhosis are long-term consequences due to the death of the brain and liver cells.

Question 28

List four things that happen to the brain when alcohol is consumed (hint: study Figure 7-6). How does consuming alcohol with or without food impact these effects?

Answer 28

1. Alcohol sedates the frontal lobe, diffuses the cells of the lobes, and interferes with reasoning and judgement.
2. When a person drinks faster than the rate at which the liver can oxidize the alcohol, the blood alcohol concentration rises, which affects the midbrain and causes speech to become challenging and vision to be blurry.
3. The cells in the cerebellum are affected, which causes people to stagger or weave when they try to walk or slur their speech.
4. Respiration and heart action are affected last. The conscious brain or medulla is completely subdued, and higher doses anesthetize the deepest brain centers that control breathing and heart rate and cause death.
   Consuming alcohol on an empty stomach goes directly into the bloodstream, whereas eating before drinking alcohol slows down the absorption, but it doesn’t stop it.

Question 29

What are the signs of alcoholism?

Answer 29

Some signs of alcoholism are tolerance, where a person needs higher doses of alcohol to achieve toxication. Withdrawal is when a person experiences anxiety or seeks alcohol to solve problems. A person has impaired control but fails to limit the number of drinks they consume—disinterest which when a person neglects events or activities due to drinking. Time and craving are when a person spends more time obtaining alcohol and an alcohol addiction. An impaired ability is when a person’s intoxication affects their performance.

Question 30

What is the outcome of amino acids if someone overeats protein and kcalories in general?

Answer 30

The amino acids are stored as fat.

Question 31

Which of the following metabolic processes occurs during the first 2 to 3 hours of fasting?

Answer 31

Glucose is released from the liver, and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue.

Question 32

Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last steps of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle?

Answer 32

Oxaloacetate