Chapter 3

Question 1

Breaks down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed.

Answer 1

Digestion

Question 2

The transportation of nutrients in the small intestine to the blood or lymph.

Answer 2

Absorption

Question 3

Also known as the Gastrointestinal Tract and is a muscular tube that goes through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Answer 3

GI Tract

Question 4

The space within a vessel in the GI Tract. Located in the large and small intestine.

Answer 4

Lumen

Question 5

Food that has been chewed, mixed with saliva, and swallowed.

Answer 5

Bolus

Question 6

A semiliquid that comes from bolus mixed with digestive juices.

Answer 6

Chyme

Question 7

Is when the outer longitudinal muscles contracts to move chyme forward. It also helps moves bolus down the esophagus.

Answer 7

Peristalsis

Question 8

The process when the inner muscles contract and relax and mix chyme with digestive juices.

Answer 8

Segmentation

Question 9

Measures a substance’s acidity or alkalinity and shows if they are acid, neutral, or base. Ex. Water has a pH of 7, so it’s neutral.

Answer 9

pH

Question 10

A protein that is used for a chemical reaction. Ex. Gastric lipase.

Answer 10

Enzyme

Question 11

Also known as Gastroesophageal Reflux, is a painful sensation a person feels in the breastbone due to the lower esophageal sphincter allowing stomach contents to reflux into the esophagus.

Answer 11

Heartburn

Question 12

Fingerlike projections inside the intestines.

Answer 12

Villi

Question 13

Hundreds of cells covered in microscopic hairs.

Answer 13

Microvilli

Question 14

Intestinal juices that are secreted in the small intestine.

Answer 14

Crypt

Question 15

A system made of vessels in which the blood flows in the body and deliver needed materials.

Answer 15

Vascular System

Question 16

A system that collects fluids and send it to the heart.

Answer 16

Lymphatic System

Question 17

Microbes in the GI Tract. Ex. Bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.

Answer 17

GI Microbiota

Question 18

Fibers that are not used by the body but is used by the GI bacteria to promote growth.

Answer 18

Prebiotic

Question 19

Living microorganisms that are found in food that benefit health. Ex. Yogurt.

Answer 19

Probiotic

Question 20

The process in which the body tries to maintain balance and stability.

Answer 20

Homeostasis

Question 21

Is functioned by many glands to send messages to tissues and organs to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 21

Hormones

Question 22

A hormone that is in the stomach wall that secretes stomach glands.

Answer 22

Gastrin

Question 23

The process of releasing bicarbonate-rich juices in the pancreas.

Answer 23

Secretin

Question 24

The process of releasing bile, donating bicarbonate and enzymes, and secreting the pancreas juices.

Answer 24

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 25

When a person has infrequent bowel movements. (Fewer than three per week).

Answer 25

Constipation

Question 26

Waste that is released from the colon. Also known as poop.

Answer 26

Stool

Question 27

The target organ is the mouth and it secretes saliva. The action is fluid eases swallowing; salivary enzyme breaks down some carbohydrate.

Answer 27

Salivary Glands

Question 28

Target organ is the stomach and it secretes Gastric juices. The action is fluid mixes with bolus; hydrochloric acid uncoils proteins; enzymes break down proteins; mucus protects stomach cells.

Answer 28

Gastric Glands

Question 29

Target organ is the small intestine and it secretes pancreatic juices. The action is bicarbonate neutralizes acidic gastric juices; pancreas enzymes break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Answer 29

Pancreas

Question 30

Target organ is the gallbladder and secretes bile. The action is bile is stored until needed.

Answer 30

Liver

Question 31

Target organ is the small intestine and it secretes intestinal juices. The action is intestinal enzymes break down carbohydrates, fat, and protein fragments; mucus protects the intestinal wall.

Answer 31

Intestinal Glands

Question 32

Water-soluble nutrients and small fat products goes through facilitated transport through the?

Answer 32

Vascular System

Question 33

Large soluble vitamins and large fat products goes through?

Answer 33

Lymphatic System

Question 34

It responds to food in the stomach, secreted from the stomach wall, and stimulate stomach glands. The response is hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach to maintain an acidic pH.

Answer 34

Gastrin

Question 35

Responds to acidic chyme in the small intestine, secreted in duodenum wall, and stimulates the pancreas. The response is bicarbonate-rich juices secreted into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH.

Answer 35

Secretin

Question 36

Responds to fat or protein in the small intestine, secreted from the intestinal wall, stimulates the gallbladder and pancreas. The response is Bile secreted into the duodenum to emulsify fats Bicarbonate and enzyme-rich juices secreted into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH, digest fats and proteins, and slow GI tract motility

Answer 36

Cholecystokinin

Question 37

Water and small lipids cross the intestinal cells through?

Answer 37

Simple Diffusion

Question 38

Water soluble vitamins needs a specific carrier to get transported.

Answer 38

Facilitated Transport

Question 39

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed actively and requires energy to move against a concentration gradient.

Answer 39

Active Transport

Question 40

Explain how bacteria, hormones and nerves influence health and digestion.

Answer 40

They promote digestion and absorption break down foods into nutrients for the body's use. TO function optimally, a healthy GI tract needs a balanced diet, adequate rest, and regular physical activity.

Question 41

Define celiac disease and tell which dietary component needs to be restricted in celiac disease.

Answer 41

Celiac disease is an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. Dietary components to be restricted: Wheat starch, wheat bran, wheat germ, cracked wheat, and hydrolyzed wheat protein

Question 42

Define GERD and how diet should be modified for a patient with GERD.

Answer 42

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Diet that should be modified: Limit high fat foods such as fried foods, potato chips, etc. Ensure adequate protein intake, limit chocolate and coffee. Also avoid or lint alcohol, citrus fruits or tomatoes.