Chapter 11

Question 1

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

Vitamin A, D, E, and K

Question 2

Vitamin A

Answer 2

• Other Names - Retinol, retinoic acid and the precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene.

•Functions in the body - Vision, supporting reproduction and regulating growth, and maintaining the health of epithelial tissues and skin.

•significant sources - Retinol: Fortified milk, fish, and liver.
Beta-carotene: Broccoli, spinach, carrots, and apricots.

•Deficiency disease - Hypovitaminosis A

•Deficiency symptoms - Night blindness, softening of cornea, and corneal drying.

•Toxicity disease - Hypervitaminosis A

•Chronic Toxicity symptoms - increased activity of osteoclast, liver abnormalities, and birth defects.

•Acute toxicity symptoms- blurred vision, nausea, and vomiting.

Question 3

Vitamin D

Answer 3

• Other Names - Calciferol, ergocalciferol, calciol, calcidiol, and calcitriol.

•Functions - Mineralization of bones

•Significant sources - Fortified milk, liver, fatty fish (ex. Salmon or sardines) and their oils.

•Deficiency symptoms - Rickets in children. Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis in adults.

•Toxicity disease - Hypervitaminosis D

•Toxicity symptoms - Elevated blood calcium; calcification of the soft tissues(blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, and tissues around the joints).

Question 4

Vitamin E

Answer 4

•Other Names - Alpha-tocopherol

•Functions - Antioxidants

•Significant sources - Vegetable oils (ex. Canola, olive, and sunflower oils)

•Deficiency symptoms - Red blood cell breakage, nerve damage.

•Toxicity symptoms - Diminished blood coagulation in people taking anticlotting medication.

Question 5

Vitamin K

Answer 5

•Other Names - Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1), menaquinone (vitamin K2), and menadione (in supplements)

•Function - Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins

•Significant sources - Green leafy vegetables (ex. Spinach and kale) and other vegetables such as broccoli and Brussels sprouts.

•Deficiency symptoms - Hemorrhaging

•Toxicity symptoms- None

Question 6

Two organ systems in which it is activated after the vitamin D precursor is formed in the skin.

Answer 6

The liver: Calcidiol

Kidneys: Calcitriol

Question 7

How and where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?

Answer 7

They are absorbed into the lacteals in the small intestine via chylomicrons, transported through the lymphatic system and then released into the bloodstream.

Question 8

Which of the following vitamin A compounds acts like a hormone, regulating cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development?

Answer 8

Retinoic acid

Question 9

Which of the following vitamin A compounds binds with opsin to form rhodopsin?

Answer 9

Retinal

Question 10

The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart, for all children with which health condition?

Answer 10

Measles

Question 11

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between vitamin A and acne?

Answer 11

Accutane (isotretinoin), made from vitamin A, is effective against cystic acne.

Question 12

The production of which protein slows in response to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 12

Calbindin

Question 13

Which health problem occurs in premature infants born before the transfer of vitamin E from the mother to the infant in the last weeks of pregnancy?

Answer 13

Erythrocyte hemolysis

Question 14

Without vitamin K, which substance cannot bind to the minerals that normally form bones, resulting in low bone density?

Answer 14

Osteocalcin

Question 15

Foods rich in vitamin C seem to protect against certain cancers, especially which type?

Answer 15

Head and neck

Question 16

Which of the following is true about free radicals?

Answer 16

They are unstable and highly reactive molecules.