Chapter 10 Flashcards
(51 cards)
external respiration
the gas exchange process that occurs between the alveoli and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries.
Internal Respiration
the gas exchange process that occurs between the cells and the systemic capillaries.
Cellular respiration and metabolism
alsoknown as aerobic metabolism, occurs in the cell. The process breaks down glucose in the presence of oxygen, produces high amounts of energy in the form of ATP, and releases carbon dioxide and water as a by-product.
serous fluid
acts as a lubricant to reduce friction when the layers of the pleura rub against each other during breathing
hypoxemia
low oxygen content in arterial blood.
hypoxia
an inadequacy in the amount of oxygen being delivered to the cells.
s/s of mild to moderate hypoxia
Tachypnea (increased respiratory rate)
Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
Pale, cool, clammy skin (early)
Tachycardia (increase in heart rate)
Elevation in blood pressure
Restlessness and agitation (from hypoxic brain cells)
Disorientation and confusion (from high carbon dioxide levels in the blood)
Headache
s/s of severe hypoxia
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Cyanosis
Tachycardia
that may lead to dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms) and eventually bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Severe confusion
Loss of coordination
Sleepy appearance
Head bobbing (head bobs upward with inhalation and downward with exhalation) with droopy eyelids
Slow reaction time
Altered mental status
Seizure
infant and pediatric airway considerations
are smaller and more easily obstructed by foreign bodies, swelling, blood, mucus, and secretions.
tongue is large in relation to pharynx
lower airway is more narrow, flexible, and softer
more pliable thoracic cavity
Signs of an open airway
Air can be felt and heard moving in and out of the mouth and nose.
The patient is speaking in full sentences or with little difficulty.
The sound of the voice is normal for the patient.
abnormal upper airway sounds
snoring
crowing
gurgling
stridor
snoring
occurs when the upper airway is partially obstructed by the tongue or by relaxed tissues in the pharynx. The snoring and obstruction can be corrected by performing a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver.
crowing
sound like a crow cawing that occurs when the muscles around the larynx spasm and narrow the opening into the trachea. Air rushing through the restricted passage causes the sound.
gurgling
sound like gargling, usually indicates the presence of blood, vomitus, secretions, or other liquid in the airway. Immediately suction the substance from the airway.
stridor
harsh, high-pitched sound heard during inspiration. It is characteristic of a significant upper airway obstruction from swelling in the larynx. may also be heard if a mechanical obstruction by food or other objects is present.
sign of blocked upper airway
Abnormal upper airway sound (stridor, snoring, crowing, or gurgling)
An awake patient who is unable to speak
Evidence of a foreign body airway obstruction
Swelling to the mouth, tongue, or oropharynx
head tilt chin lift vs jaw thrust
only use jaw thrust in trauma cases
How long do you suction for
15 seconds or until clear
what type of catheter is used for suctioning the mouth
hard catheter
signs of adequate breathing
Normal respiratory rate
Clear and equal breath sounds bilaterally
Adequate air movement heard and felt from nose and mouth (tidal volume)
Good chest rise and fall with each ventilation (tidal volume)
adult breathing rate
12-20
adolescent(12-15) breathing rate
12-20
school age kid (6-11) breathing rate
18-25
preschooler (3-5) breathing rate
20-28
