Chapter 17

Question 1

sa node

Answer 1

pace maker of the heart; causes initial contraction in the heart

Question 2

av node

Answer 2

creates pulse if sa node fails

Question 3

purkinje fibers

Answer 3

deliver the impulse to the working cells of the heart. If both higher pacemaker sites fail, the Purkinje network can also initiate an impulse to maintain some ventricular contraction.

Question 4

atria

Answer 4

top two chambers of heart

Question 5

ventricles

Answer 5

bottom two chambers of heart

Question 6

flow of blood through heart

Answer 6

vena cavae, R atrium, T valve, R ventricle, P valve, P artery, P Vein, L atrium, M/B valve, L ventricle, A Valve, Aorta

Question 7

Flow of blood through body (starting from heart)

Answer 7

Arteries, arterioles, body capillaries, venules, veins,

Question 8

coronary artery

Answer 8

first two arteries to originate off the aorta and are the same arteries that are associated with many cardiac emergencies

Question 9

thrombus

Answer 9

formed clot

Question 10

electrocardiogram EKG/ECG

Answer 10

graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity as detected from the chest wall surface.

Question 11

two distinct components of electrical activity in heart

Answer 11

depolarization, repolarization

Question 12

depolarization

Answer 12

first, in which electrical charges of the heart muscle change from negative to positive and cause heart muscle contraction

Question 13

repolarization

Answer 13

second component, in which the electrical charges of the heart muscle return to a resting negative charge and cause relaxation of the heart muscle.

Question 14

waves, or deflections, of a normal ECG have three portions

Answer 14

P wave, qrs complex, T wave

Question 15

P wave

Answer 15

first waveform of the ECG and represents the depolarization (contraction) of the atria

Question 16

QRS Complex

Answer 16

second waveform and represents the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles and the main contraction of the heart.

Question 17

T wave

Answer 17

third waveform and represents the repolarization (relaxation) of the ventricles.

Question 18

Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 18

the narrowing and hardening of the coronary arteries, is the most common type of heart disease and is responsible for more than 385,000 deaths each year.

Question 19

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 19

condition that causes the smallest of arterial structures to become stiff and less elastic. This is often referred to as “hardening of the arteries.”

Question 20

atherosclerosis

Answer 20

systemic arterial disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. It is the underlying pathogenic process in most patients that have coronary artery disease that causes myocardial infarctions as well as the arterial changes that result in stroke.

Question 21

Acute Coronary Syndrome

Answer 21

results from a variety of conditions that can affect the heart in which the coronary arteries are narrowed or occluded by fat deposits (plaque), clots, or spasm. Two conditions that are part of any acute coronary syndrome are unstable angina (prolonged chest pain) and myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Question 22

angina pectoris

Answer 22

chest pain

Question 23

unstable angina

Answer 23

prolonged chest pain

Question 24

Acute myocardial infarction AMI

Answer 24

when portion of the heart muscle dies because of the lack of an adequate supply of oxygenated blood

Question 25

AMI s/s

Answer 25

Chest discomfort radiating to jaw, arms, shoulders, or back Anxiety Dyspnea Sense of impending doom Diaphoresis Nausea and vomiting Light-headedness or dizziness Weakness

Question 26

aortic aneurysm

Answer 26

when a weakened section of the aortic wall, usually resulting from atherosclerosis, begins to dilate or balloon outward from the pressure exerted by the blood flowing through the vessel occur most often in the abdominal region. Pain can be felt, especially in the back, when the aneurysm gets large enough, perhaps shortly before rupture occurs. Usually, the aorta cannot be felt with a physical examination, but at this final stage it can be felt as a pulsating mass in the abdomen,

Question 27

aortic dissection

Answer 27

when there is a tear in the inner lining of the aorta and blood enters the opening and causes separation of the layers of the aortic wall The pain is usually most severe when the dissection first occurs, and a patient often describes it as “sharp” pain, or sometimes as a “tearing” or “ripping” pain, often felt in the back, flank, or arm. Syncope may be the only sign in some patients. Depending on the location of the dissection along the aorta, it may cause symptoms similar to a stroke or myocardial infarction and, in fact, may lead to a myocardial infarction or other damage to the heart

Question 28

reperfusion

Answer 28

restoration of blood to an area of tissue that was ischemic from low blood flow or occlusion of a vessel

Question 29

reperfusion injury

Answer 29

oxygen in the blood flowing to the reperfused tissue increases the production of oxygen free radicals. The free radicals directly damage cell membranes and other cellular components and result in cell death.

Question 30

heart failure

Answer 30

heart can no longer adequately eject blood out of the ventricle,

Question 31

pure R heart failure

Answer 31

low to normal systolic bp clear breath sounds jvd/peripheral edema

Question 32

pure L heart failure

Answer 32

normal to high systolic bp rales no jvd/peripheral edema

Question 33

congestive heart failure

Answer 33

condition in which there is a buildup of fluid (congestion) in the body resulting from the pump failure of the heart. It represents the condition in which the left, the right, or both ventricles are failing to meet the body’s needs.

Question 34

s/s heart failure

Answer 34

marked/severe dyspnea tachycardia difficult breathing supine sudden waking with dyspnea fatigue with exertion anxiety tachypnea diaphoresis cool clammy pale skin chest discomfort cyanosis agitation due to hypoxia edema in ankles feet hands crackles and possible wheezing s/s of pulmonary edema jvd distendeded soft/spongy abdomen