Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PET Study Guide Ed 3 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

This disease primarily affects individuals older than age 65 and affects more men than women.

Can spread to lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and bone.

Roughly 5,000 cases annually in USA.

A

Gastric cancer

(often found in esophagus, colon, and anus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 layers of the stomach?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
subserosa
serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The stomach is composed of what 5 parts?

A

cardia
fundus
corpus
antrum
pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), formerly called leiomyosarcomas, now classify as ____________ of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Initially it was believed that origin of stomach cancer was in nerve or muscle (so related to sarcomas), but now is believed to originate in __________.

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

These cells are known as the pacemakers of the gastrointestinal tract because they send signals to provide muscle movements.

What are these cells called?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This disease affects more than 40,000 people annually.

Primarily men and individuals over age 65.

Common sites of spread are lymph nodes, lungs, bone, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery.

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ______ is the largest organ in the abdomen and is a site of metastases for many cancers.

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Blood tests may be performed to check for _______ levels, which are indicator for HCC.

A

alpha-fetoprotein (AFT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

FDG uptake can be variable in the liver and IS not particulary sensitive in HCC. Detection of the disease may be difficult in ___ to ___ percent of cases be cause of the ________ of the disease.

A

30% to 50%
appearance of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

This disease kills about 50,000 people each year.

AKA exocrine cancer

A

Pancreatic cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gland in the abdomen that is between the spine and stomach.

6 inches long and resembles pear shape.

Divided into 3 sections head, body, tail.

A

Pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most pancreatic cancers begin in the _____.

A

ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carcinoma of the pancreas typically spreads to the what 3 areas?

A

peritoneum, liver, lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

False-positive results may be a problem when differentiating pancreatic cancer from _______.

A

pancreatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

This disease is more common in women and typically affects those older than 65 years old.

Malignancy in the kidneys

A

renal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Kidneys make a hormone called ________, which signals the bone marrow to make more red blood cells.

A

erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most kidney cancers are ________.

A

renal cell carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some rare types of renal cancer?

A

transitional cell tumors or urothelial carcinomas
renal sarcomas
Wilm’s tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This renal cancer originates in the kidneys, more common in pediatriccs patients, about 6% of all childhood cancers make up from this.

A

Wilm’s tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PET/CT can be used at times to distinguish benign tumors from malignant processes such as _____, ______, and ______ in the kidneys.

A

renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

________ cancer is separated from colorectal cancer both in description and CMS coverage guidelines depending on region of the country.

A

Anal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

________ occurs when older cells form masses instead of dying, or new cells form growths caused by mutations instead of demonstrating normal characteristics.

A

colorectal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What age is recommended that examinations and procedures be preformed for colorectal cancer screening?

A

50s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Some individuals with elevated _____ levels have colorectal cancer or other conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.

A

CEA levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

PET/CT can assist in detection of recurrence of metastases possibly in what?

A

Pericolonic fat, mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneum, periportal nodes, or Virchow’s node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The lymphatic drainage for most of the body is via the ________.

A

left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mets of colorectal cancer can lead to what other 2 cancers?

A

lymphoma and breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Colorectal cancer metastasizes to where frequently?

A

Liver then to lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Bladder should be voided before PET scan for colorectal scan.

T or F?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The top of the uterus is called the _____,
middle of the uterus is the _______, and the bottom of the uterus is the ________.

A

fundus, corpus, cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The uterus has what 2 layers?

A

endometrium and myometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______ or ______ is the most common cancer of the female reproductive organs. (forms in the tissue)

Is only approved for initial treatment strategy.

A

Uterine cancer or endometrial cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ develops in the muscle of the uterus.

A

uterine sarcoma

35
Q

Most endometrial cancers are _____. ______ are cancers that begin in the cells that make and release mucus and other fluids.

(same answer for both blanks)

A

Adenocarcinomas

36
Q

Where does uterine cancer metastasize to?

A

cervix, bladder, rectum

37
Q

This cancer predominately affects women younger than 55 years old.

13,000 new cases each year.

Spreads to the lymph nodes (iliac and retroperitoneal), lungs, bones, liver.

Invade vagina, pelvic wall, bladder, rectum.

______ cancers are slow growing and can typically be found with routine pap tests.

PET is not covered for diagnosis but is covered for initial staging and subsequent treatment monitoring.

A

cervical cancer

38
Q

Cervical cancer is almost always linked to ______, and is preventable and curable when detected early.

A

human papillomavirus (HPV)

39
Q

How many types of ovarian cancers are there?

A

2

40
Q

This ovarian cancer begins in the egg cells.

A

Ovarian carcinomas Germ cell tumors

41
Q

This ovarian cancer is more prominent an dis a cancer that forms on the outside of the ovary.

20,000 new cases every year.

A

Ovarian epithelial cancer

42
Q

Labs for ovarian cancer may be checked for _____, which is a substance found on the surface of normal ovarian tissue and malignant tumors of the ovary.

A

CA-125

43
Q

Most women are older than 55 years old.

_____ can invade, shed, or spread.

Metastasizes to lungs, liver, peritoneal cavity, retrovesical space.

Surgery or intraperitoneal chemotherapy (delivered directly to abdomen and pelvis)

Is covered for both initial treatment strategy, which before 2009 was known as diagnosis and initial staging, and for subsequent treatment strategy, which includes treatment monitoring, restaging, and detection of suspected recurrence.

A

Ovarian Cancer

44
Q

Many men have ________, which results in problems with voiding but is not malignant.

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

45
Q

The prevalent form of prostate cancer is _____ that occurs in the glandular tissue, but the incidence of this malignancy is decreasing.

A

adenocarcinoma

46
Q

A rare form of prostate malignancy is _______ or ______ which tends to spread earlier but does not produce prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

A

neuroendocrine cancer or small-cell anaplastic cancer

47
Q

This cancer affects men older than 65, in many cases men are not aware of the presence of disease, it may be discovered at stage II or III on digital rectal exam (DRE).

A

Prostate cancer

48
Q
A
49
Q

The _____ score ranges from 2 to 10 based on comparison to normal cells. The higher the score, the greater the difference from normal cells.

A

Gleason score

50
Q

As prostate cancer progresses, it can extend beyond the prostate into the ________, which are the structures that aid in the production of semen. The bladder, rectum, lymph nodes can also be involved in last stage carcinoma.

A

seminal vesicles

51
Q

______ is only indicated for subsequent treatment PEt imaging in patients with prostate cacner recurrence and elevated PSA levels.

A

F-18 fluciclovine

52
Q

Seminomas and nonseminomas are types of what cancer?

A

Testicular cancer

53
Q

Slow growing tumors that are very effectively treated with radiation therapy.

Seminomas and nonseminomas?

A

Seminomas

54
Q

Grow very quickly.

Seminomas and nonseminomas?

A

Nonseminomas

55
Q

_______ cancer affects men younger than 40 and is highly curable with early detection. Blood panels measure for AFP, Beta-hCG, and LDH levels (blood labs can detect earlier than imaging)

A

Testicular carcinoma

56
Q

If testicular cancer spread it would spread to……

A

left testicular veins, lymphatics, or in med-retroperitoneum, pelvic lymph node basin

57
Q

____ is the largest organ of the body.

A

Skin

58
Q

_____ cancers are the most prevalent type of cancer of all.

A

skin cancer

59
Q

Melanoma accounts for about __% of all skin cancer.

A

1%

60
Q

What are risk factors for melanoma?

A

-Having more than 50 moles
-develop in the eye or intestines

61
Q

Melanoma begins in the cells that make the pigment melanin which are called…

A

melanocytes

62
Q

100,000 new cases every year.

Slightly more common in men than women

Disease on extremities is seen more commonly on women, whereas men have more on the trunk.

Classified in stages ) to IV. Peak metastases reached 1 to 2 years from diagnosis. Then palliative care at end stage.

A

Melanoma

63
Q

What are some nonmelanoma skin cancers?

A

basal cell skin cancer, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Merkel cell carcinoma, and squamous cell.

64
Q

Sarcomas are rare and only account for ___% of cancers overall. Large family of tumors that can start in any type of ___________or ________tissue.

A

1%
connective or supportive

65
Q

What are the types of bone?

A

long and flat

66
Q

Three common cells in our bone are…..

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow

67
Q

_______ cancer in the bone that develops in the osteoid tissue of the bone.

More common in males and most likely to occur in adolescence.

A

Osteosarcoma

68
Q

_________ begins in the tough, flexible cartilage pads that end the bones and line the joints.

A

Chondrosarcoma

69
Q

________ sarcoma family of tumors occur s in bone, soft tissue such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, and blood vessels.

Accounts for 1% to 2% of childhood tumors.

A

Ewing’s

70
Q

________ is a soft tissue sarcoma that is known for malignant tumors of the skeletal muscle, _________ are cells that will eventually form muscles.

Commonly presents in the arms or legs and accounts for about 3% of all childhood cancers. (affects boys more than girls)

A

Rhabdomyosarcoma
rhabdomyoblasts

71
Q

Fat tissue tumors are called _______, and smooth muscle tumors are called ________.

A

liposarcomas
leiomyosarcomas

72
Q

___________ can originate anywhere in the body but are commonly found in the adrenal glands, lungs, ovaries, pancreas, rectum, small intestine, stomach, and thyroid.

_________ are heterogeneous cancers that can be both slow and aggressive growing, with the latter quickly metastasizing to other parts of the body.

What is this cancer?

A

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET)

73
Q

How are neuroendocrine tumors typically treated?

A

neoadjuvant treatments (short and long-acting somatostatin therapy) and surgical resection

74
Q

What are the primary radiopharmaceuticals used for somatostatin receptor-positive tumor imaging?

A

Ga-68 Dotatate, Cu-64 Dotatate, Lu-177 Dotatate

75
Q

How long should either short or long somatostatin therapy not be performed before PET exam?

A

Short- 12hrs prior
Long-4 to 6 weeks prior

76
Q

Cu-64 dotatate comes from hot lab looking like what?

A

clear, colorless to slightly yellow single calibreated dose

77
Q

What society sets gold standards for staging system?

A

American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)

78
Q

What do the letters for TNM staging system mean?

A

T- classified as the primary tumor and further defined into levels depending on the cancer type.

N-denotes nodal disease and is usually followed by a numeric classification

M- defines metastasis, M0 indicating no metastasis and M1 indicating metastasis

79
Q

F-18 NaF has been used for 30 years for imaging of the _____ to evaluate the spread or malignancy of osteogenic activity.

A

skeleton

80
Q

F-18 Fluorothymidine (FLT) is an analog of _____.

(which is a major contributor to DNA synthesis)

A

thymidine

81
Q

_______ imaging agent can be used to track tumor proliferation, stage disease, and monitor recurrence in certain tumors.

A

F-18 FLT

82
Q

______, or deprivation of oxygen, can be a marker in tumor growth. As tumor grows larger it outgrows its blood supply.

A

Hypoxia

83
Q

________ is an agent that looks at hypoxia or tumors causing.

A

Cu-64 diacetyl-bis (ATSM)

84
Q

1 in ____ adults will have some form of malignancy.
1 in ____ children will have some form of malignancy.

A

6 adults
330 children (mostly under 14 years old)

PET Study Guide Ed 3 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions