Chapter 10

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

Communication system that has a limited number of signals that can be combine together according to agreed upon rules and principles to produce messages that can be understood by others

Question 2

Phonemes

Answer 2

Basic units of sounds that can change the meaning of word

Difference between Cats and Bats

Question 3

Morphemes

Answer 3

Basic units of meaning that exists in a word

Re- or -ing

Question 4

Syntax

Answer 4

Systematic rules about sentence structure

Question 5

Semantics

Answer 5

The relationship between signifiers combines in sentences and bout their meaning in reality

“They’re blind with rage”

Question 6

Pragamtics

Answer 6

Rules for how language is used in different social contexts

Question 7

Prosody

Answer 7

Melody of speech

Includes pitch, stress, intonation, and timing of speech

Question 8

Lexicon

Answer 8

Mental dictionary representing our knowledge of words themselves and how those words go together

Question 9

Psycholinguistics

Answer 9

Studies what the structure of the representational system for language is and how humans acquire this knowledge.

Little direct instruction about how to structure sentences

Question 10

Broca’s Area(left hemisphere of the brain)

Answer 10

Involved in production of speech sound

Question 11

Wernicke’s area

Answer 11

Involed in Understanding of speech

Question 12

Motor cortex

Answer 12

Controls the movements of muscules

Question 13

Arcuate fasclculus

Answer 13

connect Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

Question 14

Noam Chomsky

Nature

Answer 14

• Theroized humans are born with predisposition to learn the rules of grammar that is not specific to any one language
• All languages share basic elements and common rules called universal grammar
• Language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 15

Nativist perspective

Answer 15

• Minimizes the roles of evnironment
• capacity for acquiring language has a genetic basis
• Children learn native language with ease but struggle later to learn second language

Question 16

Poverty of the stimulus

Answer 16

• Children don’t get instruction about language, and it’s something they pick up incidentally along the way.
• Children are not expose to enough information in their environment to acquire every feature of their language

Question 17

Learning Theroists

Answer 17

• Children learn the words they hear spoken by others
• Learn to speak the language and adopt the accent of those around them
• More like to start using new words if they are reinforced

Question 18

Interactionist perspective

Answer 18

• Children’s born ability and linguistic environment interact to shape the course of language develop
• Language acquisition is related to the development of other competencis
• Child directed speech(Baby talk)
• Parents help shape language by offering expansioins on children’s utteraions.

Question 19

Associative model

Answer 19

Suggest that we present information by forming connections among bits of information

Question 20

Semantic priming

Answer 20

• Primes usually embedded in a lexical decision task
• RTs for words related to the prime are faster than for unrelated words

Question 21

Sentence Verifcation

Answer 21

• Judge if senteces are true or false
• Faster RT for related sentences

Question 22

Language Acquisition: Infancy

Answer 22

• Show preference for speech over non-speech sounds
• Cooing begins around 6-8 weeks
• Babbling around 4 - 6 months
• Comprehension begins before production in language development(Usually 10 months)

Question 23

Holophrases(12months)

Answer 23

-Use of single word to represent complex idea
- First 50 words consist of common nouns presenting objects and people
- Being using social linguistic cues to learns
- joint attention(purposely coordinate everyone’s attention to something)

18 months: vocabulary spurt
20 months: 150 words
24 months: 300 words

Question 24

Fast mapping

Answer 24

Using context that a new word is presented in to make an educated guess about the meaning of these new words

Question 25

# Common mistakes Overextension

Answer 25

Using a specific word to refer to too wide a range of objects, actions, or events ## Footnote Bob for all pets/dogs

Question 26

# Common mistakes Underextension

Answer 26

Using a general word to refer to a smaller set of objects, actions, or events ## Footnote Using dogs for all different kinds of dogs

Question 27

# Common mistakes Overregularization

Answer 27

Overapplying rules to cases in which the proper form of a word is irregular

Question 28

# Common Mistakes Telegraphic speech

Answer 28

Stringing 2 - 3 words together to recreat meaning (But not grammatically complete)

Question 29

# Chomsky Transformational grammar

Answer 29

we can use the same word in different context and convery tootally different meanings

Question 30

Educational videos

Answer 30

For each hour spent watching videos, babies understood 6 - 8 fewer words

Question 31

Educational preschool programs

Answer 31

- Intial advantage in basic academic skills - Less creative, more anxious in testing situations and more negative towards school

Question 32

Performance goals

Answer 32

Seeking to prove ability rather than improve it. Focus on the outcome rather than the process.

Question 33

4 steps of learning to read

Answer 33

1. Prealphabetic Phase (Mimics) 2. Partial alphabetic Phase (Figuring out how to make sounds in mouth) 3. Full aplhabetic phase 4. consolidated alphabetic phase(Know how to sound words)

Question 34

Factors of Adolescent Achievement Decline

Answer 34

- Lose high academic self-esteem and high expectancies of success - Family characteristics - peer pressure - Poor fit between person and environment

Question 35

School Drop-out risk, Elementary School

Answer 35

- Low IQ and achievement - Poor test scores - Aggressive beahvior - low SES

Question 36

School Drop-out risk, Middle School

Answer 36

- Regularly smoke cigarettes - Drink alcohol - Engage in sexual activty

Question 37

Language in Adulthood

Answer 37

- Knowledge of phonology stays the same - Knowledge of the semantics of language expands - Refine their pramatic use of language - more often have "tip of the tongue" experiences than younger adults ## Footnote Pramatic use: Speaking to boss is different than speaking to friends

Question 38

Issue of accessibility

Answer 38

Feel as though the item is currently inaccessible but strong sense access to the item can eventually be recovered ## Footnote Direct access view: blocking hyptohesis, incomplete activation, transmission Indirect access view: cue-familiarity, accessibility heuristic

Question 39

Literacy in adult years

Answer 39

- 22% have a third grade reading ability - Half of adults with low literacry scores live in poverty - programs to raise the literacy level of adults are rarely successful