Chapter 13

Question 1

Social Cognition

Answer 1

Thinking about perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives and behaviors of self, other people, groups, and even whole social systems

Adopt other peoples perspective

Question 2

Theory of mind

Answer 2

ability to make predictions about what others think feel or believe

Sally-ann test: moving of the basket

Question 3

Early steps in developing a theory of mind

Answer 3

1. Joint attention
2. understanding intentions
3. pretend play
4. imitation
5. emotional understanding

Question 4

Desire psychology(2 years)

Answer 4

Understanding that other children have different desires or like different things

Question 5

Belief-desire psychology(3-4years)

Answer 5

Different people have different desire and act on those desires/belief

Question 6

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 6

1) Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
2) Deficits in nonverbal communication
3) Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships
4) Repetitive motor movements
5) Rigid adherence to routines
6) Restricted interest that are abnormal in their intensity
7) Hyporeactivity to senosry input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment

Question 7

Social cognition in adulthood

Answer 7

• Social cognitive skills improve after adolescence
• Elderly people continue to display the sophisticated social cognitive skils
• When older adults do show declinde in social cognition its most likely due to a decline in cognitive capabilities

Question 8

Components of Morality

Emotional component

Answer 8

Feelings regarding right or wrong actions that motivate moral thoughts

Question 9

Components of Morality

Cognitive component

Answer 9

How we think about right and wrong and make decisions about how to behave

Question 10

Components of Morality

Behavorial component

Answer 10

How we behave when we experience the temptation to cheat or are called upon to help a needy person

Question 11

Components of Morality

Empathy

Answer 11

Experiencing of another person’s feelings

Keep us from engaging in antisocial behavior

Question 12

Theories of Moral Development

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 12

Superego is responsible for enforcing moral behavior

Question 13

Theories of Moral Development

Cognitive Development Theory

Answer 13

Cognitive processes are involved in deciding whether an act is right or wrong

Question 14

Kohlber’s stages of Moral Reasoning

Preconventional Morality

Level 1, preadolescents(10 years old)

Answer 14

Rules are external to the self rather than internalized

Stage 1: Punshiment and obedience Orientation: Whether an act is good or bad depends on its consequences
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism: Following rules to gain rewards or staisfy personal needs

Question 15

Kohlber’s stages of Moral Reasoning

Conventional Morality

Level 2, Teen years

Answer 15

Individual has internalized many moral values

Stage 3: Good boy/girl mentality: What is “right is determined by what please or approved by others. Golden rule
Stage 4: Authority and social order maintaining morality: What is “right” is determined by authority and what is good for society as a whole. Interest in preseving social order motivated moral action.

Question 16

Kohlber’s stages of Moral Reasoning

Postconventional Morality

Level 3, Adulthood

Answer 16

Individual defines what is right in terms of broad principles of justice

Stage 5: Morality of contract: Understand underlying purposes that laws serve
Stage 6: Morality of individual principles of conscience: Guided by respect for all individuals and their rights(Very rarely observed)

Question 17

Theoies of Moral Development

Social learning Theory

Answer 17

Interested in Behavioral component of morality
moral behavior learned throught observational learning and principles of conditioning

Question 18

Theories of Moral Development

Evolutionary Theory

Answer 18

Focuses on how moral emotion, thought, and behavior may have helped humans adapt to their environments over the course of evolution

Pass on genes

Question 19

Prosocial behaviors in infancy

Answer 19

• Helping
• Cooperation
• Altruistic rather than selfish motivations

Question 20

Early Moral development

Moral emotions

Answer 20

Associating negative emotions with violating rules and learning to empathize with people who are in distress

Question 21

Early Moral development

Self-control

Marshmellow test

Answer 21

Being able to inhibit one’s impluses when tempted to violate internalized rules

Question 22

Children who pass theory of mind tasks

Answer 22

• More forgiving when a wrong is committed accidentally
• better able to distinguish between lying and having one’s facts wrong
• More attuned to other people’s feelings and welfare

Question 23

Mortal rules

Answer 23

Standards that focus on the welfare and basic rights of individuals(unchangable)

Question 24

Social-conventional rules

Answer 24

Standards determined by social consensus that tell us what is appropriate in particular social settings

Question 25

# Parental approach to discipline Love withdrawal

Answer 25

Withholding attention, affection or approval after misbehavior

Question 26

# Parental approach to discipline Power assertion

Answer 26

Using punishments ## Footnote E.g Spanking, grounding, threatening

Question 27

# Parental appraoch to discipline Induction ## Footnote Best fosters moral development

Answer 27

Explaining why behaviors are wrong and emphasizing effect on other people

Question 28

conduct disorder

Answer 28

persistent pattern of violating the rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms

Question 29

Dodge's social information processing model

Answer 29

reactions to frustration, anger, or provocation depends on the ways in which we process and interpret cues in situations ## Footnote Aggressive youth develop a hostile attribution bias, coercive family environments fuel antisocial behavior

Question 30

Dual process model of morality

Answer 30

Deliberate thoguht and intuition emotion play distinct roles ## Footnote Explain why we sometimes make judgments base on quick, emtionbased intuitions

Question 31

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory(SST)

Answer 31

Emtional fulfillment becomes more important with age ## Footnote Older adults: Prefer to socialize with familiar partners that are more likely to spark postivie emotions, shorter time horizon Younger adults: Prefer more exploratory, preferring to spend time on interactions with new social partners, longer time horizon

Question 32

support banking

Answer 32

Giving more support when able to , and drawing on support sources later as needed due to banked efforts

Question 33

Loneliness

Answer 33

Discrepancy between desired aspects of social network and reality ## Footnote People who have lots of social ties can nontheless feel lonely