Chapter 11

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

Organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors uniques to each individual

Despoitional Traits: OCEAN
Charactersitic adaptations: Situation personality
Narrative identities: Intergrated life style that we construct, autobiography

Question 2

Self concept

Answer 2

Perceptions of unique attributes and traits

Question 3

Self-esteem

Answer 3

Evaluation of worth as a person based on all the positive and negative self-perceptions that make up self-concept

Question 4

Identity

Answer 4

Overall sense of who they are, where they are heading and where they fit into society

Question 5

Self-report measures

Answer 5

People see statements and then assess how much each statement is/is not descriptive of them

Con: people might not be so honest about themselves

Question 6

Projective tests

Answer 6

Responses are often provided writtten or verbally, and need to be interpreted by a trained psychologist

Con: Different people might think differently of the questions

Question 7

Behavioral observations

Answer 7

Watching what epople do and how they act in different situations

Con: Watchers need to be culturally aware of the individual/situation

Question 8

Eriskon’s Theory of persoanlity

Answer 8

• Proposed that people undergo similar personality changes at similar ages
• Placed more emphasis on social influences
• Saw the potential for personal growth and change trhoughout lifespan

Freud believed personality formed during first five years of life
- Little evidence to support

Question 9

Trait theory of personality

Answer 9

• Personality is a set of dispositional trait dimensions along which people can differ
• Assumes that personality traits are consistent across situations

“The big five or OCEAN”
OCEAN: Openness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraverision, conscientiousness

Question 10

Openness to Experience

Answer 10

• Fantasy: Vivid imagination
• Aesthetics: Appreciations of art and beauty
• Feelings: Experience feelings strongly, emtions are important for a meaning life
• Actions: Willingness to try new things, travel
• Ideas: Curious, value knowledge for its own sake
• Values: open-minded in values,

Question 11

Conscientiousness

Answer 11

• hard-working, engergetic, scrupulous, ambitous, persevering
• Desire to make something of themselves
• Low conscientiousness: Aimless, disorganized. late

Question 12

Extraverison

Answer 12

• Warmth: Friendly compassionate,
• Gregariousness: Desire to be with other peopole
• Assertiveness: Natural leaders, take charge easily
• Activtiy: Like to be busy
• Excitement seeking: prefer stimulating challenging environments
• Positive emotions: zest, delight, fun, happy

Question 13

Agreeableness

Answer 13

• Overly compliant, dependent
• Low agreeableness: Skeptical, distrusting, stubborn

Question 14

Neuroticism

Answer 14

Reflects emotional stability
- Anxiety: Nervous, tense, worried
- Hostility: prone to anger irritable
- Depression: sadness, hoplessness
- Self-consciousness: sensitive to criticism, feeling of inferiority
- Impulsiveness: low self-control, lack of willpower
- Vulnerability: panic in crisis, highly dependent on others for help

Question 15

Social Learning theory

Answer 15

• Rejects the notion of universal stages of personality development
• Emphasizes the roles of situations and envrionmenton developing new behaviors/personality

Question 16

Flesson and Heckhausen(1997)

Answer 16

• Early adulthood: exploration, striving for growth
• Middle age: productivity and increasing experience
• Older adulthood: greater reflection on what has been accomplished in life

Question 17

Emerging sense of self

Answer 17

• 18 months: infants recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals
• 18-24 months: form categorical self, able to classify selves into social categories based on age, sex, and other visible characteristics

Question 18

Temperament

Answer 18

Traits that determine how someone reacts to the world
- Easy temperament: happy content, able to tolerate some level of frustration and discomfort, about 40%
- Difficult temperament: Tend to more active and more irritable, unable to adapt to situations, about 10%
- Slower-to-warm-up temperament: a little bit moody, slow to adapt to changes, about 15%

The remaning percentage is a mixed of 2 temperament

Question 19

Rothbart

Surgency/extraversion

Answer 19

Tendency to actively, confidently, and energetically approach new experiences in emotionally positive way

Question 20

Negative affectivity

Answer 20

Tendency to be sad, easily frustrated and irritable

Question 21

Effortful control

Answer 21

Ability to focus and shift attention when desired, inhibit responses

Question 22

Sense of self in childhood

Answer 22

• 2 years old: Toddlers use personal pronouns
• preschool child’s emerging self concept is concrete and phsyicall
• 8 years old: self conceptions emphasize psychological and social qualities, terms to describe self, define themselves as part of a group

Question 23

Factors for development of self-esteem

Answer 23

• Heritable
• Environment
• Social comparisions and social feedback
• stable over elementary school

Question 24

Self concept in adolescence

Answer 24

• Less phsycial and more psychological
• Less concrete and more abstract
• More differentiated
• more integrated and coherent
• rteflect greater self-awareness

Question 25

Self-esteem adolescent

Answer 25

- Self-esteem tends to decrease from childhood to early adolescence - Most emerge with high self-esteem if there are opportunities to feel competent, experience approval and support from peers ## Footnote High self-esteem = lower crime rate

Question 26

Erikson's view of identity formation

Answer 26

- Adolescence is a critical period in the lifelong process of forming an identity as a person - adolescent must integrate varied perceptions of the self-concept into a coherent sense of self - May experience identity-crisis

Question 27

Identity diffusion

Answer 27

- No firm identity - not overly concerned about it

Question 28

Moratorium

Answer 28

Have experienced crisis but haven't committed to anything yet ## Footnote Haven't really figured it out yet

Question 29

Foreclosure

Answer 29

Never had a crisis, but already committed to something ## Footnote Getting into the family business

Question 30

Identity achievement

Answer 30

Experienced crisis and committed to something ## Footnote Just over 50% have reach this status by the age of 24

Question 31

Conway's theory of representation in autobiographical memory

Answer 31

- Event-specific memories: Personal memories - General events: events that are repeated - Lifetime periods: personal ways in which we organize our autobiographical memories

Question 32

Working self

Answer 32

Monitoring function that controls retrieval of information ## Footnote Allows some memories to be retrieved and others not retrieved

Question 33

Coherence

Answer 33

Yields memories consistent with the working self ## Footnote Lends supportive evidence to your ideas and about "Who you are"

Question 34

Correspondence

Answer 34

Match between retrieved memories and actual past events ## Footnote Leads to an accurate representation of your personal past

Question 35

Maintaining a postive self image in adulthood

Answer 35

- Reducing the gap between the ideal and real self - Changing one's goals and standards of self-evaluation - making social comparisons to other old people - Avoiding negative self-stereotyping

Question 36

Peck's necessary adjustments in old age ## Footnote 1968

Answer 36

1) Ego differentation vs work-role preoccupation 2) body transcendence vs body preoccupation 3) Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

Question 37

Adult personality is marked by

Answer 37

- Stability - retain relative balance of trait dimensions

Question 38

Personality adjustment

Answer 38

Developmental changes in terms of their adaptive value and functionality ## Footnote The way their express their personality might differ with time

Question 39

Personality Growth

Answer 39

Ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity

Question 40

Midlife crisis ## Footnote Levinson the transition period is from 40 to 45

Answer 40

A person questions his life structure and raises unsettling issues

Question 41

Phases of retirement

Answer 41

- People often experience a honeymoon phase - Novelty wears off many enter a disenchantment phase - Realistic and satisfying lifestyle in retirement leads to a reorientation phase ## Footnote Average person holds around 7 full time jobs between 18 - 36

Question 42

Factors contribute to a successful adjustment to retirement

Answer 42

- Voluntary retirement - Prossessing good physical and mental health - possessing positive traits such as agreeablness and emotional stability - having finanical resources to live - having strong social supports available

Question 43

Dispostional traits(Person as actor)

Answer 43

Broad individual differences in temperament displayed in early life Traits are typically assessed by self-report or observer ratings

Question 44

Characteristics adapatiation(Person as agent)

Answer 44

Emergence of goals and motives in childhood Emphasizes the dynmaic nature of human behavior Focuses on the goal factor ## Footnote Goal factor shifts across development

Question 45

Life narratives(Person as author)

Answer 45

construction of a narrative identity in adolescence and young adulthood Is EXPECTED to change over time