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Psy 220 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors uniques to each individual

Despoitional Traits: OCEAN
Charactersitic adaptations: Situation personality
Narrative identities: Intergrated life style that we construct, autobiography

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2
Q

Self concept

A

Perceptions of unique attributes and traits

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3
Q

Self-esteem

A

Evaluation of worth as a person based on all the positive and negative self-perceptions that make up self-concept

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4
Q

Identity

A

Overall sense of who they are, where they are heading and where they fit into society

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5
Q

Self-report measures

A

People see statements and then assess how much each statement is/is not descriptive of them

Con: people might not be so honest about themselves

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6
Q

Projective tests

A

Responses are often provided writtten or verbally, and need to be interpreted by a trained psychologist

Con: Different people might think differently of the questions

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7
Q

Behavioral observations

A

Watching what epople do and how they act in different situations

Con: Watchers need to be culturally aware of the individual/situation

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8
Q

Eriskon’s Theory of persoanlity

A
  • Proposed that people undergo similar personality changes at similar ages
  • Placed more emphasis on social influences
  • Saw the potential for personal growth and change trhoughout lifespan

Freud believed personality formed during first five years of life
- Little evidence to support

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9
Q

Trait theory of personality

A
  • Personality is a set of dispositional trait dimensions along which people can differ
  • Assumes that personality traits are consistent across situations

“The big five or OCEAN”
OCEAN: Openness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraverision, conscientiousness

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10
Q

Openness to Experience

A
  • Fantasy: Vivid imagination
  • Aesthetics: Appreciations of art and beauty
  • Feelings: Experience feelings strongly, emtions are important for a meaning life
  • Actions: Willingness to try new things, travel
  • Ideas: Curious, value knowledge for its own sake
  • Values: open-minded in values,
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11
Q

Conscientiousness

A
  • hard-working, engergetic, scrupulous, ambitous, persevering
  • Desire to make something of themselves
  • Low conscientiousness: Aimless, disorganized. late
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12
Q

Extraverison

A
  • Warmth: Friendly compassionate,
  • Gregariousness: Desire to be with other peopole
  • Assertiveness: Natural leaders, take charge easily
  • Activtiy: Like to be busy
  • Excitement seeking: prefer stimulating challenging environments
  • Positive emotions: zest, delight, fun, happy
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13
Q

Agreeableness

A
  • Overly compliant, dependent
  • Low agreeableness: Skeptical, distrusting, stubborn
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14
Q

Neuroticism

A

Reflects emotional stability
- Anxiety: Nervous, tense, worried
- Hostility: prone to anger irritable
- Depression: sadness, hoplessness
- Self-consciousness: sensitive to criticism, feeling of inferiority
- Impulsiveness: low self-control, lack of willpower
- Vulnerability: panic in crisis, highly dependent on others for help

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15
Q

Social Learning theory

A
  • Rejects the notion of universal stages of personality development
  • Emphasizes the roles of situations and envrionmenton developing new behaviors/personality
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16
Q

Flesson and Heckhausen(1997)

A
  • Early adulthood: exploration, striving for growth
  • Middle age: productivity and increasing experience
  • Older adulthood: greater reflection on what has been accomplished in life
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17
Q

Emerging sense of self

A
  • 18 months: infants recognize themselves visually as distinct individuals
  • 18-24 months: form categorical self, able to classify selves into social categories based on age, sex, and other visible characteristics
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18
Q

Temperament

A

Traits that determine how someone reacts to the world
- Easy temperament: happy content, able to tolerate some level of frustration and discomfort, about 40%
- Difficult temperament: Tend to more active and more irritable, unable to adapt to situations, about 10%
- Slower-to-warm-up temperament: a little bit moody, slow to adapt to changes, about 15%

The remaning percentage is a mixed of 2 temperament

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19
Q

Rothbart

Surgency/extraversion

A

Tendency to actively, confidently, and energetically approach new experiences in emotionally positive way

20
Q

Negative affectivity

A

Tendency to be sad, easily frustrated and irritable

21
Q

Effortful control

A

Ability to focus and shift attention when desired, inhibit responses

22
Q

Sense of self in childhood

A
  • 2 years old: Toddlers use personal pronouns
  • preschool child’s emerging self concept is concrete and phsyicall
  • 8 years old: self conceptions emphasize psychological and social qualities, terms to describe self, define themselves as part of a group
23
Q

Factors for development of self-esteem

A
  • Heritable
  • Environment
  • Social comparisions and social feedback
  • stable over elementary school
24
Q

Self concept in adolescence

A
  • Less phsycial and more psychological
  • Less concrete and more abstract
  • More differentiated
  • more integrated and coherent
  • rteflect greater self-awareness
25
Q

Self-esteem adolescent

A
  • Self-esteem tends to decrease from childhood to early adolescence
  • Most emerge with high self-esteem if there are opportunities to feel competent, experience approval and support from peers

High self-esteem = lower crime rate

26
Q

Erikson’s view of identity formation

A
  • Adolescence is a critical period in the lifelong process of forming an identity as a person
  • adolescent must integrate varied perceptions of the self-concept into a coherent sense of self
  • May experience identity-crisis
27
Q

Identity diffusion

A
  • No firm identity
  • not overly concerned about it
28
Q

Moratorium

A

Have experienced crisis but haven’t committed to anything yet

Haven’t really figured it out yet

29
Q

Foreclosure

A

Never had a crisis, but already committed to something

Getting into the family business

30
Q

Identity achievement

A

Experienced crisis and committed to something

Just over 50% have reach this status by the age of 24

31
Q

Conway’s theory of representation in autobiographical memory

A
  • Event-specific memories: Personal memories
  • General events: events that are repeated
  • Lifetime periods: personal ways in which we organize our autobiographical memories
32
Q

Working self

A

Monitoring function that controls retrieval of information

Allows some memories to be retrieved and others not retrieved

33
Q

Coherence

A

Yields memories consistent with the working self

Lends supportive evidence to your ideas and about “Who you are”

34
Q

Correspondence

A

Match between retrieved memories and actual past events

Leads to an accurate representation of your personal past

35
Q

Maintaining a postive self image in adulthood

A
  • Reducing the gap between the ideal and real self
  • Changing one’s goals and standards of self-evaluation
  • making social comparisons to other old people
  • Avoiding negative self-stereotyping
36
Q

Peck’s necessary adjustments in old age

1968

A

1) Ego differentation vs work-role preoccupation
2) body transcendence vs body preoccupation
3) Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

37
Q

Adult personality is marked by

A
  • Stability
  • retain relative balance of trait dimensions
38
Q

Personality adjustment

A

Developmental changes in terms of their adaptive value and functionality

The way their express their personality might differ with time

39
Q

Personality Growth

A

Ideal end states such as increased self-transcendence, wisdom, and integrity

40
Q

Midlife crisis

Levinson the transition period is from 40 to 45

A

A person questions his life structure and raises unsettling issues

41
Q

Phases of retirement

A
  • People often experience a honeymoon phase
  • Novelty wears off many enter a disenchantment phase
  • Realistic and satisfying lifestyle in retirement leads to a reorientation phase

Average person holds around 7 full time jobs between 18 - 36

42
Q

Factors contribute to a successful adjustment to retirement

A
  • Voluntary retirement
  • Prossessing good physical and mental health
  • possessing positive traits such as agreeablness and emotional stability
  • having finanical resources to live
  • having strong social supports available
43
Q

Dispostional traits(Person as actor)

A

Broad individual differences in temperament displayed in early life
Traits are typically assessed by self-report or observer ratings

44
Q

Characteristics adapatiation(Person as agent)

A

Emergence of goals and motives in childhood
Emphasizes the dynmaic nature of human behavior
Focuses on the goal factor

Goal factor shifts across development

45
Q

Life narratives(Person as author)

A

construction of a narrative identity in adolescence and young adulthood
Is EXPECTED to change over time

Psy 220 (9 decks)

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