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General Biology 1 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cell division occurs in bacteria?

A

Binary fission

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2
Q

Ploidy

A

the number of set of chromosomes an organisms has

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3
Q

Haploid (n)

A

one complete set of chromosomes

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4
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

total number of chromosomes in a cell

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5
Q

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell?

A

23

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6
Q

How many chromosomes in a diploid cell?

A

46

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7
Q

Homologous

A

a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell

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8
Q

Homologue

A
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9
Q

Karyotype

A

particular array of chromosomes an organism possesses

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10
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

Chromatin

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11
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Inactive domains of chromatin

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12
Q

Euchromatin

A

active domains of chromatin

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13
Q

Nucleosome

A

complex consisting of a DNA duplex would around a core of eight histone proteins

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14
Q

What is the nucleosome composed of?

A

DNA and histone proteins

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15
Q

Histone proteins have a ______ charge, which are strongly attracted to _______ charged DNA

A

+, -

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16
Q

What are four histones contained in nucleosomes?

A

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

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17
Q

The primary histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) associate together to form a _________________.

A

histone octamer complex

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18
Q

Condensin and cohesin are both examples of

A

SMC proteins

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19
Q

Cohesin

A

protein complex that holds sister chromatids together

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20
Q

Condensation/decondensation

A

How tightly chromosomes are wound depends of the phase of the cell cycle

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21
Q

Why would chromosomes be decondensed?

A

To express genes

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22
Q

Why would chromosomes be condensed?

A

to separate during cell division

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23
Q

Condensation is controlled by the protein _____.

A

condensin

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24
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two replicas of a single chromosomes

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25
What are the five phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M, cytokinesis
26
G1 (gas phase 1)
primary growth phase of cell
27
S (synthesis)
genome is duplicated
28
G2 (gap phase 2)
organelles replicate, microtubules organize
29
Mitosis
spindle apparatus assembles, bind to chromosomes, and moves sister chromatids apart
30
What are the five phases of mitosis?
1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
31
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells
32
Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the __________
M phase
33
_______ and ________ make up the M phase
Mitosis; cytokinesis
34
How long is the cell cycle in typical mammal cells?
24 hours
35
How long is the cell cycle in human embryos?
20 minutes
36
How long is the cell cycle in human liver cells?
More than a year
37
What types of cells remain in G0 phase permanently?
Muscle and nerve cells
38
What occurs in S (synthesis) phase?
- Cell's DNA is replicated - Each chromosomes replicates to produce two sister chromatids
39
Cohesion proteins
hold centromeres of two sister chromatids together
40
Where do microtubules attach?
Kinetochore
41
What occurs during G2 phase?
- chromosomes begin to condense - extensive synthesis of tubulin
42
Tubulin
protein to make microtubules
43
Prophase
The condensed chromosomes become visible The nuclear envelope breaks down. The assembly of the spindle takes place
44
Spindle apparatus
assembly that carries out separation of chromosomes during cell division
45
What is the spindle apparatus made up of?
Centrosomes (Centrioles) and Microtubules
46
What structure separates sister chromatids during prophase?
Spindle apparatus
47
What events occur during prophase?
- Chromosomes condense and become visible - Cytoskeleton is disassembled - Golgi and ER are dispersed - Nuclear envelope breaks down
48
What events occur during prometaphase?
- Kinetochores attach condensed chromosomes to spindle - Microtubules pull sister chromatids to equator of the cell
49
What evens occur during metaphase?
- Chromosomes align in center of the cell
50
Metaphase plate
imaginary plane through the equator of the cell
51
What is the shortest phase in mitosis?
Anaphase
52
What events occur during anaphase?
- Proteins holding sister chromatids together at centromere are removed - Sister chromatids move apart toward poles
53
Anaphase A
- kinetochores are pulled toward the poles - microtubules connecting kinetochores shorten - tubulin subunits are removed
54
Anaphase B
- poles move apart - microtubules slide past each other towards the poles - physically elongate cell
55
What events occur during telophase?
- spindle apparatus disassembles - nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
56
What phase in mitosis is the reversal of the process of prophase?
Telophase
57
The cleavage furrow is composed of _____________
actin filaments
58
A cell plate forms partitioning the daughter cells by fusing with the
plasma membrane
59
Formation of cell plate
Cellulose is laid down on the new membranes = two new cell walls The space between the two cell walls become the middle lamella
60
What are two irreversible steps in the cell cycle?
1. duplication of the genome (G2 phase) 2. Separation of sister chromatids (anaphase)
61
Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)
protein kinase enzyme only active when complexed with cyclin
62
Cyclin
regulatory protein required to activate Cdk
63
How does MPF control the cell cycle?
- Cyclins accumulate in G2 and associate with MPF -> initiates mitosis - MPF contributes to breaking up nuclear envelope (prometaphase) - MPF is involved in chromosome condensation and spindle formation (prophase)
64
g1/s checkpoint
primary checkpoint where cell decides to divide or not
65
The ______ checkpoint is most susceptible to external signals
G1/S
66
What would halt the cell cycle at the g1/s checkpoint?
- damage to DNA - starvation conditions - lack of growth factors
67
g2/m checkpoint
- stimulates mitosis to start - assesses success of DNA replication - stalls cycle if DNA has not been accurately replicated
68
Spindle checkpoint
ensures all chromosomes are attached to spindle in preparation for anaphase
69
Anaphase promoting complex (APC)
sends the signal that all chromosomes are aligned properly at metaphase plate
70
What is the function of the APC?
Trigger anaphase
71
What are the two main functions of APC?
1. Activates protease - destroys cohesion proteins holding sister chromatids together 2. Necessary for destruction of mitotic cyclins to drive cell out of mitosis
72
Cells stop at g1/s checkpoint if they are deprived of ___________
growth factors
73
Describe the characteristics of binary fission.
Like the cell cycle – two new daughter cells are produced Each have identical genomes Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome occurs much faster than eukaryotic cell division less DNA is broken down
74
Which 'events' in the cell cycle are considered irreversible?
Duplication of genome Separation of sister chromatids
75
t or f: Duplication of the genome occurs prior to M-Phase
true
76
_________ activates MPF.
Cyclin
77
Match the following events with the correct phase of Mitosis.
Interphase: - Genome duplicates - The G1/S checkpoint - Chromosomes begin to condense Prophase: - The spindle apparatus begins to form - Nuclear envelope degrades Metaphase: - Sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate Anaphase: - Sister chromatids pull apart - Cells poles begin to pull apart Telophase: - Nuclear envelope reforms
78
T or F: Two attached sister chromatids are considered a single chromosome.
True
79
Why is it necessary for the nuclear envelope to be disassembled early in mitosis?
To allow microtubules to attach to the sister chromatids

General Biology 1 (13 decks)

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