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General Biology 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A
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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A
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3
Q

Cellular respiration

A

metabolic harvesting of energy by oxidation

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4
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

chemical reaction involving loss of a hydrogen atom

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5
Q

During __________, loss of electrons is accompanied by loss of protons.

A

Dehydrogenation

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6
Q

Cellular respiration is a series of _____ reactions

A

redox

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7
Q

NAD+ accepts ____ electron(s) and ______ proton(s)

A

2; 1

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8
Q

The reduced form of NAD+ is _________

A

NADH

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9
Q

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

oxygen

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10
Q

In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

an inorganic molecule

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11
Q

In fermentation, the final electron acceptor is ________

A

an organic molecule

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12
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

ATP is formed by transferring a phosphate group to ADP

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13
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using energy from a proton (H+) gradient

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14
Q

Why have energy released in multiple small steps?

A

Larger release of energy in a single step = more energy lost as heat, less useable energy

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15
Q

Glycolysis

A

anaerobic breakdown of glucose

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Glycolysis yields two _______ with a net of two _______

A

pyruvate; ATP

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18
Q

T or F: Glycolysis requires oxygen

A

F: Glycolysis does not require oxygen

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19
Q

In glycolysis, _______ is converted into two pyruvate

A

glucose

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20
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is converted into two _________

A

pyruvate

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21
Q

pyruvate is a ____ carbon molecule

A

3

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22
Q

What happens in the first 5 reactions of glycolysis?

A

glucose is converted into two G3P

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23
Q

What happens in the second 5 reactions of glycolysis?

A

G3P is converted into pyruvate

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24
Q

Glycolysis: priming reactions

A

Two high-energy phosphates from two ATP molecules are added to glucose, producing 6-carbon molecule with 2 phosphates

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25
Glycolysis: cleavage
6-carbon diphosphate sugar is split into two 3-carbon monophosphate sugars
26
Hydrolysis of one ATP molecule yields a delta-G of ________ kcal/mol
-7.3
27
What three changes occur in glycolysis?
1. Glucose is converted into two pyruvate molecules 2. Two ATP molecules are converted into ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation 3. Two NAD+ molecules are reduced to NADH
28
Inputs and outputs of glycolysis
glucose -> pyruvate 2 NAD+ -> 2 NADH 2 ADP -> 4 ATP (2 net ATP)
29
In the oxidation of pyruvate, the acetyl group is bound to coenzyme A to produce ________
acetly-CoA
30
What enzyme is involved in pyruvate oxidation?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
31
Which part of acetly-CoA is fed into the CAC?
acetyl group
32
Which part of acetly-CoA is recycled?
coenzyme A
33
What are the other names for the citric acid cycle?
TCA cycle, Krebs cycle
34
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
Matrix of mitochondria
35
Reaction 1 (CAC)
Citrate is formed from acetly-CoA and oxaloacetate
36
What happens when cells possess high amounts of ATP?
CAC shuts down; acetyl-CoA is channeled into fat synthesis
37
The CAC being inhibited when ATP is high and stimulated when ATP is low is an example of?
Negative feedback
38
Reaction 2 and 3 (CAC)
Hydroxyl (--OH) group of citrate is repositioned. Produces isocitrate (isomer of citrate)
39
Reaction 4 (CAC)
Isocitrate is oxidized --> a-ketoglutarate; NAD+ is reduced to NADH
40
a-ketoglutarate is a ____ carbon molecule
5
41
Reaction 5 (CAC)
a-ketoglutarate is decarboxylated. Succinyl group joins to conezyme A --> succinyl-CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH
42
succinyl-CoA is a ____ carbon molecule
4
43
Reaction 6 (CAC)
44
Succinate is a ____ carbon molecule
4
45
Reaction 7 (CAC)
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate. FAD is reduced to FADH2
46
Reaction 8 and 9 (CAC)
Water molecule is added to fumarate --> malate. Malate is oxidized --> oxaloacetate
47
Following glycolysis and citric acid cycle, the cell has ____ NADH and ____ FADH2
10; 2
48
Where does electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes?
mitochondrial inner membrane
49
Where does electron transport chain take place in prokaryotes?
plasma membrane
50
What is the first carrier in electron transport chain?
NADH dehydrogenase
51
__________ passes electrons to bc1 complex
Ubiquinone
52
Ubiquinone passes electrons to ___________
bc1 complex
53
______ transfers its electrons to ubiquinone which occurs in the _______
FADH2; inner membrane
54
Cytochrome c carries electrons to ____________
cytochrome oxidase complex
55
________ carries electrons to cytochrome oxidase complex
Cytochrome c
56
The electron transport chain produces a ___________
proton gradient
57
Mitochondrial matrix is ________ compared with intermembrane space
negative
58
ATP synthase
enzyme that uses energy of proton gradient to make ATP
59
ATP synthase making ATP using _____ and ______
ADP; P
60
______ is an allosteric inhibitor of phosphofructokinase
ATP
61
ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of _______
phosphofructokinase
62
_____ is an activator of phosphofructokinase
ADP
63
ADP is an activator of ________
phosphofructokinase
64
________ is inhibited by ATP and NADH
citrate synthase
65
Citrate synthase is inhibited by ____ and ____
ATP; NADH
66
What happens if NADH is not oxidized fast enough?
Levels of NADH rise and inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase
67
What final electron acceptors are used by prokaryotes in place of oxygen?
sulfur, nitrate, carbon dioxide, inorganic metals
68
Without O2, cells that cannot utilize alternative e- acceptor for respiration must rely solely on ______ for ATP
glycolysis
69
In fermentation, the reduced organic compound is an ______
organic acid (lactic acid, acetic acid, etc)
70
What type of fermentation occurs in yeast?
Ethanol fermentation
71
Describe the process of ethanol fermentation
Yeast enzymes remove a CO2 group from pyruvate through decarboxylation --> acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde produces ethanol
72
What type of fermentation is found in muscle cells?
lactic acid fermentation
73
Where are fatty acids are oxidized?
matrix of mitochondria
74
T or F: B-oxidation is oxygen-dependent
T
75
How does the ATP produced by fatty acids compare to glucose?
The respiration of fatty acids via β-oxidation yields 20% more ATP than glucose
76
Every oxidation step in β-oxidation makes _____ and _____
NADH; FADH2
77
What are examples of negative feedback in CAC?
CAC is inhibited when ATP is high and stimulated when ATP is low
78
How many ATP and NADH are produced in glycolysis?
4 ATP (2 net) 2 NADH
79
How many oxidation steps occur in CAC, how many NADH/FADH2 are produced?
3 Oxidation 6 NADH 2 FADH2
80
What drives the proton pumps in the ETC?
The energy released through movement of electrons down the ETC
81
What is the theoretical ATP yield per glucose molecule through aerobic respiration
30 ATP
82
What are examples of organisms that can respire anaerobically?
Prokaryotes
83
Deamination
removal of an amino group
84
B-oxidation
reaction where 2-carbon units of fatty acids are cleaved and combined with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA
85
What produces more ATP: fatty acids or carbohydrates?
Fatty acids
86
What is acetyl-CoA’s role in anabolic metabolism
Builds up fatty acids chains; i.e., synthesis of fatty acids

General Biology 1 (13 decks)

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