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General Biology 1 > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

Central dogma of molecular biology

A

Information passes in one direction from gene (DNA) to an RNA copy of gene, and RNA copy directs assembly of a chain of amino acids into a protein

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2
Q

In the central dogma of molecule biology, ____ is transcribed to make ______, which is translated to make a ______.

A

DNA; mRNA; protein

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3
Q

Transcription

A

DNA-to-RNA step

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4
Q

Translation

A

RNA-to-protein step

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5
Q

The process of transcription produces an _____ copy of the information in DNA.

A

RNA

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6
Q

Template strand

A

DNA strand that is copied

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7
Q

Coding strand

A
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8
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

carries DNA transcript to ribosome

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9
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

RNA found in ribosomes

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10
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

adapter molecule between mRNA and amino acids

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11
Q

What is the functions of tRNAs?

A

Interpret information in mRNA

Help position amino acids on ribosome

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12
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of three nucleotides

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13
Q

Reading frame

A

Correct succession of nucleotides in triplet codons that specify amino acids on translation

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14
Q

List the three stop codons.

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

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15
Q

What is the start codon and amino acid does it encode?

A

“AUG”; methionine (Met)

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16
Q

Degenerate

A

some amino acids are specified by more than one codon

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17
Q

What are the two forms of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes?

A
  1. Core polymerase
  2. Holoenzyme
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18
Q

What are the four subunits that make up core polymerase?

A

Two identical alpha subunits, beta subunit, beta’ subunit

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19
Q

The holoenzyme is formed by the addition of a ______ subunit to the core polymerase.

A

Sigma

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20
Q

T or F: In prokaryotes, transcription does not require a primer.

A

T

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21
Q

Promoter

A

forms a recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase

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22
Q

Start site

A

Where transcription actually begins

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23
Q

Terminator site

A

Signals the end of transcription

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24
Q

transcription unit

A

region from promoter to terminator

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25
Transcription bubble
region containing RNA polymerase, DNA template, and growing RNA transcript
26
While in the replication bubble, the growing RNA transcript is a __________
RNA:DNA hybrid
27
Hairpin
28
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are ________
coupled
29
RNA polymerase I
transcribes rRNA
30
RNA polymerase II
transcribes mRNA
31
RNA polymerase III
transcribes tRNA
32
5' cap
Formed by the addition of GTP to 5’ end of mRNA
33
Carboxy terminal domaint (CTD) is part of the largest subunit of which RNA polymerase?
RNA polymerase II
34
3' poly-A tail
series of adenine residues added to 3' end of an mRNA
35
Introns
Intervening sequences
36
Exons
Coding sequences
37
pre-mRNA splicing
primary transcript is cut and put back together to produce mature mRNA
38
Alternative splicing
a single primary transcript can be spliced into different mRNAs by using different sets of exons
39
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
attach each amino acid to
40
What are the two functional ends of tRNA?
1. acceptor stem 2. anticodon loop
41
Acceptor stem
3' end of tRNA; portion that amino acids attach to
42
Anticodon loop
43
Charging reaction
Reaction by which an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase attaches a specific amino acid to the correct tRNA
44
Charged tRNA
tRNA joined to an amino acid
45
The ribosome contains three binding sites:
1. A (aminoacyl) site 2. P (peptidyl) site 3. E (exit) site
46
A (aminoacyl) site
Binds to tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added
47
P (peptidyl) site
binds to tRNA attached to growing peptide chain
48
E (exit) site
binds to tRNA that carried previous amino acid added
49
tRNAs move through the A, P, and E site during __________
elongation
50
Peptidyl transferase
51
Ribosome-binding sequence (RBS)
a conserved sequence at the 5′ end of mRNA that is complementary to the 3′ end of a small subunit rRNA
52
Elongation factor (EF-Tu)
Binds to charged tRNA and GTP
53
Describe the details of the elongation cycle.
1. Charged tRNA comes to ribosome bound to EF-Tu and GTP 2. Peptidyl transferase catalyzes formation of peptide bond 3. Ribosome translocation - tRNA in A site is moved into P site
54
Wobble pairing
55
Release factors
Proteins that release newly made polypeptide from ribosome
56
In termination, stop codons do not bind to tRNA; instead they are recognized by __________.
Release factors
57
In eukaryotes, translation can occur either in _______ or on the ___________
cytoplasm; RER
58
Signal recognition particle (SRP)
Cytoplasmic complex of protein that recognizes and binds to signal sequence
59
Point mutation
mutation that alters a single base
60
Missense mutation
Mutation that does not result in an amino acid change
61
Nonsense mutation
Mutation results in addition of a stop codon
62
Frameshift mutation
63
Indel
gain or loss of 1-50 bp
64
Cri-du-chat syndrome
Deletion in chromosome 5
65
Deletion
loss of DNA
66
Duplication
Gain of DNA
67
Inversion
material in a chromosome is inverted
68
Reciprocal translocation
A piece of a chromosomes breaks off and joins another chromosome
69
Some types of cancer are related to chromosomal _________
translocations
70
Spliceosome
Organelle that splices pre-mRNA Responsible for excision of introns and joining of exons

General Biology 1 (13 decks)

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