CHAPTER 10

Question 1

While this more commonly means “creek” or “stream,” it can also refer to a smaller river in some languages or regions.

Answer 1

Sapa

Question 2

• characteristic patterns across all languages of various cultures (such as phonology, morphology, semantics, and syntax)
• Colors, Verbs and Grammatical Genders, Concepts

Answer 2

Linguistic Universals

Question 3

“Basta”

Answer 3

Linguistic Relativity

Question 4

enhances executive functions, such as task-switching and ignoring distractions, and may delay the onset of dementia by up to four years.

Answer 4

Bilingualism

Question 5

a second language is acquired in addition to a relatively well-developed first language

Answer 5

Additive Bilingualism

Question 6

elements of a second language replace elements of the first language.

Answer 6

Subtractive Bilingualism

Question 7

occurs when an individual first learns one langunge and then another

Answer 7

Sequential Bilingualism

Question 8

suggests that two languages are represeni just one system or brain region.

Answer 8

The Single-system Hypothesis

Question 9

suggests that two languages are represente somehow in separate systems of the mind

Answer 9

Dual-system Hypothesis

Question 10

when people of two different language groups are in prolonged contact with one another, the language users of the two groups begin to share some vocabulary that is superimposed onto each group’s language use

Answer 10

Pidgin

Question 11

over time, this admixture can develop into a distinct linguistic form and have its own grammar

Answer 11

Creole

Question 12

modern creoles may resemble an evolutionarily early form of language

Answer 12

Protolanguage

Question 13

whi arise when two linguistically distinctive groups meet.

Answer 13

Creoles and pidgins

Question 14

what occurs when a single linguistic group gradually diverges toward somewhat distinctive variations.

Answer 14

dialect

Question 15

is a regional variety of a language distinguished by features as vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation.

Answer 15

Dialect

Question 16

unlike in psychoanalytic view, errors result from intrusions by other thoughts or by stimuli in the environment

Answer 16

Slips of the Tongue

Question 17

uses a language element before it is appropriate in the sentence (“an inspiring expression” turned an “expiring expression”)

Answer 17

Anticipation

Question 18

uses a language element that was appropriate earlier in the sentence (“We sat down to a bounteous beast” instead of a “bounteous feast.”)

Answer 18

Perseveration

Question 19

speaker switches the positions of two language elements (“flutterby” to become “butterfly.”)

Answer 19

Reversal /Transposition

Question 20

initial sounds of two words are reversed and make two entirely different words (“You have hissed all my mystery lectures,” [missed all-my history lectures]

Answer 20

Spoonerisms

Question 21

one word is replaced by another that is similar in sound different in meaning (“naughty pine” instead of “knotty pine”)

Answer 21

Malapropism

Question 22

“mischievi-ous” instead of “mischievous”

Answer 22

Insertions of Sounds

Question 23

juxtapose two nouns in a way that positively asserts their similarities, while not disconfirming their dissimilarities

Answer 23

Metaphors

Question 24

introduce the words like or as into a comparison between items.

Answer 24

Similes

Question 25

the study of how people use language, which includes sociolinguistics and other aspects of the social context of language.

Answer 25

Pragmatics

Question 26

which we seek to communicate in ways that make it easy for our listener to understand what we mean

Answer 26

Cooperative Principle

Question 27

Make your contribution to a conversation as informative as required, but no more than is needed.

Answer 27

QUALITY

Question 28

Make your contribution to a conversation truthful. Irony, sarcasm, and jokes are acceptable because the listener is expected to infer the speaker's true state of mind from what is said.

Answer 28

QUANTITY

Question 29

Make your contributions to a conversation relevant to the aim of the conversation.

Answer 29

RELATION

Question 30

Avoid obscure expressions, vague utterances, and purposeful obfuscation of your point.

Answer 30

MANNER

Question 31

storage and retrieval of meaning

Answer 31

The Brain and Semantic Processing

Question 32

an impairment of language functioning caused by damage to the brain

Answer 32

Aphasia

Question 33

production of agrammatical speech

Answer 33

Broca's Aphasia

Question 34

impairment in understanding of spoken words and sentences.

Answer 34

Wernicke's Aphasia

Question 35

highly impaired comprehension and production of speech

Answer 35

Global Aphasia

Question 36

naming objects and retrieving words

Answer 36

Anomic Aphasia

Question 37

characterized by abnormalities in social behavior; language, and cognition

Answer 37

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 38

repetition of speech heard

Answer 38

Echolalia