CHAPTER 4: Flashcards
ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS (45 cards)
is the means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all of the information captured by our senses, our stored memories, and our other cognitive processes.
SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY (SDT)
Includes both the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness, some of which may be under the focus of attention.
CONSCIOUSNESS
A framework to explain how people pick out the important stimuli embedded in a wealth of irrelevant, distracting stimuli.
SDT often is use to measure sensitivity to a target’s presence.
SIGNAL-DETECTION THEORY (SDT)
Present
Absent
SIGNAL
Hit
False alarm
DETECT A SIGNAL
Person’s ability to attend to a field of stimulation over a prolonged period, during which the person seeks to detect the appearance of a particular stimulus of interest.
VIGILANCE
Refers to a scan of the environment for particular features- actively looking for something when you are not sure where it will appear
is made more difficult distracters, nontarget stimuli that divert our attention away from the target stimulus.
SEARCH
We look for just one feature that makes our search object different from all others, therefore, the number of distracters does really play a role in slowing us down.
FEATURE SEARCH
We have to combine two or more features to find the stimulus we’re looking for.
CONJUNCTION SEARCH
Explains why it is relatively easy to conduct feature searches and relatively difficult to conduct conjunction searches.
FEATURE-INTEGRATION THEORY
analyze features
Stage 1- feature search
combine features into object
Stage 2 - conjunction search
the more similar target and distracters are, the more difficult it is to find the target.
Similarity Theory,
All the incoming information is being perceived and stored in sensory memory for a split second and then forwards it to a filter that allows only one message to move forward to be processed in more detail, based on loudness, pitch, or accent.
EARLY FILTER MODEL
Listening to two different messages, presenting separate message to each ear, known as dichotic presentation.
Distinctive sensory characteristics of the target’s speech (e.g., high versus low pitch, pacing, and rhythmicity.)
Sound intensity (loudness)
Location of the sound source
SHADOWING
Filter blocks out most information at the sensory level, but some personally important messages are so powerful that they burst through the filtering mechanism.
SELECTIVE FILTER MODEL
At least some information about unattended signals is being analyzed. Instead of blocking out stimuli, the filter merely weakens the strength of all stimuli other than target stimulus.
ATTENUATION MODEL
who synthesized the early and late-filter model and proposed that two processes govern attention
Ulric Neisser
Suggested that stimuli are filtered out only after they have been analyzed for both their physical properties and their meaning.
LATE-FILTER MODEL
attentional resources can be divided freely
One single pool
Processes that occur later, they are executed serially and consume time and attentional resources, such as working memory. Information is processed in much more detail here.
ATTENTIVE, CONTROLLED PROCESSES
Automatic processes are rapid and occur in parallel, they can be used to noticed only physical sensory characteristics of the unattended message, but they do not discern meaning or relationships.
PREATTENTIVE PROCESS
are available, one for each modality
Multiple sources of attention
Trait-based of state-based
ANXIETY
