CHAPTER 8

Question 1

the use of multiple
approaches and techniques to address a problem.

Answer 1

Converging Operations

Question 2

is the fundamental unit of symbolic
knowledge, or knowledge of correspondence
between symbols and their meaning.

Answer 2

Concept

Question 3

is a hierarchy of concepts; a category is a
concept with members.

Answer 3

Category

Question 4

are groupings that occur
naturally in the world, like birds or trees

Answer 4

Natural categories

Question 5

takes a different approach:
grouping things together not by their defining
features but rather by their similarity to an average
model of the category.

Answer 5

Prototype theory

Question 5

are groupings that are designed
or invented by humans to serve particular purposes
or functions, like automobiles and kitchen
appliances.

Answer 5

Artifact categories

Question 6

defining features something must have to be
considered an example of a category

Answer 6

Core

Question 7

Tested the notion that we come
to understand the importance of defining features only as we grow older

Answer 7

Keil & Batterman

Question 8

based view of meaning - holds that people understand & categorize concepts in terms of implicit theories or general ideas they have regarding those concepts

Answer 8

Theory/Explanation

Question 9

Isolate features of a good
sport.

Answer 9

Feature-based

Question 10

find characteristic features
of a good sport.

Answer 10

Prototype View

Question 11

find some good examples
you have known in your life.

Answer 11

Exemplar View

Question 12

use of experience to
construct an explanation for what makes
someone a good sport.

Answer 12

Theory-Based View

Question 13

holds that certain categories have an
underlying reality that cannot be observed directly.

Answer 13

Essentialism

Question 14

Beliefs about the characteristics of
groups are often associated with the devaluation of these groups & increased prejudice

Answer 14

Essentialist

Question 15

suggest that knowledge is represented in our minds in the form of concepts that are connected with each other in a web-like form.

Answer 15

Semantic-network Models

Question 15

is a web of elements of meaning
(nodes) in which the elements are connected with each other through links.

Answer 15

Semantic network

Question 16

Defines each mammal by unique features (e.g., rabbit: fur, ears, hopping)

Answer 16

Feature-based theory

Question 16

are elements that are typically
concepts.

Answer 16

Nodes

Question 17

Organizes knowledge by comparing features of concepts directly

Answer 17

Semantic Features Theory

Question 18

connection between the nodes

Answer 18

Relationships

Question 18

Compares all mammals
across shared features

Answer 18

Semantic features theory

Question 19

showed that semantic learning can still occur without a fully functioning hippocampus

Answer 19

H.M. Case Study

Question 20

It is a mental framework for organizing
knowledge.

have several characteristics
that ensure wide flexibility

Answer 20

Schemas

Question 21

● Facts ● Abstraction ● Relationships ● Memories ● Schemas

Answer 21

FARMS

Question 22

people may extend the boundaries of that scene in their minds & remember details they had not actually seen

Answer 22

Boundary Extension

Question 23

Contains information about the particular order in which things occur less flexible than schemas

Answer 23

SCRIPTS

Question 24

tables, menu, food, check, money

Answer 24

Props

Question 25

customer, waiter, cook, cashier

Answer 25

Roles

Question 26

customer is hungry

Answer 26

Opening Conditions

Question 27

entering, ordering, eating, exiting

Answer 27

Scenes

Question 28

customer has less money, owner has more money, customer is no longer hungry

Answer 28

Results

Question 29

● Props ● Roles ● Opening conditions ● Scenes ● Results

Answer 29

PORRS

Question 30

also may come into play in regard to the ways in which experts converse with one another

Answer 30

Scripts

Question 31

Specialized vocabulary commonly used within a group, such as a profession or trade.

Answer 31

Jargon

Question 32

if both typical & atypical actions are provided, the atypical info will be recalled more readily

Answer 32

Typicality Effect

Question 33

Acquired by practicing the implementation of a procedure

Answer 33

Procedural knowledge representation

Question 34

is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time.

Answer 34

Information

Question 35

instructions regarding procedures for implementing a task

Answer 35

Structure of rules

Question 36

instructions for implementing a subtask within a larger task governed by a routine

Answer 36

Subroutines

Question 37

● Perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills (procedural knowledge) ● Associative knowledge (classical and operant conditioning ● Priming (Activation of related mental pathways) ● Simple non associative knowledge (habituation and sensitization)

Answer 37

PAPS

Question 38

flaws in the instruction for the conditions or for executing the actions.

Answer 38

Bugs

Question 39

Habituation, reduced response to repeated stimuli and sensitization, increased response to repeated stimuli

Answer 39

Simple Non Associative Knowledge

Question 39

Implicit knowledge that is difficult to verbalize; includes various types of mental representations beyond just procedural knowledge

Answer 39

Nondeclarative Knowledge

Question 40

Learning through associations like classical or operant conditioning

Answer 40

Simple Associative Knowledge

Question 40

The activation of related information pathways that makes it easier to retrieve similar information later

Answer 40

Priming

Question 41

is a model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production system representation for procedural knowledge

Answer 41

The ACT-R (where the R stands for rational)

Question 42

Spreading activation within the network from one node to another. But the amount of information (number of nodes)

Answer 42

Declarative Knowledge within ACT

Question 43

inspired information-processing theories assume that humans, like computers, process information serially.

Answer 43

Computer

Question 43

Acquisition of procedural knowledge through a framework that represents such knowledge in production systems, progressing through three stages: Cognitive, Associative, and Autonomous

Answer 43

Procedural Knowledge within ACT-R

Question 44

involves the two complementary processes of generalization and discrimination. We learn to generalize existing rules to apply them to new conditions.

Answer 44

Production Tuning

Question 45

the broader field of cognitive psychology strives for domain general understandings of cognitive processes

Answer 45

1960s through the mid 1970s-

Question 46

the balance shifted to domain specificity due to demonstrations of the role of specific knowledge in chess playing

Answer 46

Late 1970s

Question 47

argued for extreme domain specificity, proposing that the mind is modular, divided into discrete modules operating independently

Answer 47

“The Modularity of Mind” by Fodor (1983)