CHAPTER 6

Question 1

keeping encoded information in memory

Answer 1

Storage

Question 1

transforming sensory data into a form of mental representation

Answer 1

Encoding

Question 2

pulling out or using information stored in the memory

Answer 2

Retrieval

Question 3

Before information can be stored in memory, it first needs to be encoded for _____

Answer 3

storage (encoding)

Question 4

encoding information for temporary storage and use
According to experiments, people seem to encode visually presented letters by how they sound, not by how they look.

Answer 4

Short-Term Storage

Question 5

recalling correct letters with substituted letters that sounded like the correct letters (ex: F for S, B for V, P for B, and so on)

Answer 5

Acoustic Confusability

Question 6

how it sounds like

Answer 6

Acoustic Code

Question 7

how it looks like

Answer 7

Visual Code

Question 8

based on word meaning

Answer 8

Semantic Code

Question 9

Acoustic code is more important than a visual code

Answer 9

Conrad Experiment

Question 10

Short-term memory relies primarily on an acoustic rather than a semantic code

Answer 10

Baddeley Experiments

Question 11

Most information stored in long-term memory primarily is encoded semantically

Answer 11

Long-Term Storage

Question 12

also influences encoding in long-term memory as we move more information into long-term memory when using a semantic encoding strategy than when using a phonological and physical strategy.

Answer 12

Levels of processing (LOP)

Question 12

in addition to semantic and visual informatian can be encoded in long-term memory.

Answer 12

Acoustic information

Question 13

competing information interferes with our storing information

Answer 13

Interference

Question 13

forgetting facts just because time passes

Answer 13

Decay

Question 14

How we move information depends on whether the information involves declarative

Answer 14

facts and knowledge

Question 15

nondeclarative memory

Answer 15

(procedural)

Question 16

process of integrating new information into our existing schemas of stored information

Answer 16

Consolidation

Question 17

-involve reflecting on our own memory

Answer 17

Metamemory Strategies

Question 18

repeated recitation of an item

Answer 18

Rehearsal

Question 19

aloud and obvious to anyone watching

Answer 19

Overt

Question 20

silent and hidden

Answer 20

Covert

Question 21

result of rehearsal

Answer 21

Practice Effects

Question 22

individual elaborates on the items to be remembered, making the items more meaningful

Answer 22

Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 23

individual just repeats the items to be remembered

Answer 23

Maintenance Rehearsal

Question 24

to maximize the effect on long-term recall, the pacing should ideally be distributed over months, rather than days or weeks

Answer 24

The Spacing Effect

Question 25

learning sessions are spaced over time

Answer 25

Distributed Practice

Question 26

learning sessions are crammed together in a very short
space of time

Answer 26

Massed Practice

Question 27

of particular importance to memory is the amount of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep a person receives.

Answer 27

Sleep and Memory Consolidation

Question 28

Stored memories are organized

Answer 28

Organization of Information

Question 28

refers to the simultaneous handling of multiple operations, items stored in short-term memory would be retrieved all at
once

Answer 28

Parallel Processing

Question 29

refers to operations being done one after another, items are retrieved in succession, rather than all at once

Answer 29

Serial Processing

Question 30

specific techniques to help organize and memorize information by adding meaning to meaningless or arbitrary lists of item

Answer 30

* Mnemonic Devices

Question 31

all items retrieved, regardless of the task

Answer 31

Exhaustive Serial Processing

Question 32

retrieval stop as soon as an item seems to accomplish the task.

Answer 32

Self-terminating Serial Processing

Question 33

the presence of information stored in long-term memory.

Answer 33

Availability

Question 34

the degree to which we can gain access to the available
information.

Answer 34

Accessibility

Question 34

Interference Theory refers to forgetting that occurs because recall of certain words interferes with recall of other words.

Answer 34

PROCESS OF FORGETTING AND MEMORY DISTORTION

Question 35

occurs when r acquired knowledge impedes the recall of older material.

Answer 35

Retroactive Interference (or retroactive inhibition)

Question 36

occurs when material that was learned in the past impedes the learning of new material.

Answer 36

Proactive Interference

Question 37

mental frameworks that represent knowledge in meaningful ways.

Answer 37

Schemas

Question 38

represents the probability of recall of a given word, given its serial position (order of presentation) in a list.

Answer 38

The Serial-position Curve

Question 39

refers to superior recall of words at and near the end of a list.

Answer 39

The recency effect

Question 40

refers to superior recall of words at and near the beginning of a list.

Answer 40

The primacy effect

Question 41

asserts that information is forgotten because of the gradual disappearance, rather than displacement, of the memory trace.

Answer 41

Decay Theory

Question 42

is reconstructive, involving the use of various to retrieve the original memory traces of our experiences and then rebuild the original experiences as a basis for retrieval

Answer 42

Memory retrieval

Question 43

refers to memory of an individual's history. One remembers one's construction or reconstruction of what happened rather than exactly what happened.

Answer 43

Autobiographical Memory

Question 44

a memory of an event so powerful that the person remembers the event as vividly as if it were indelibly preserved on film

Answer 44

Flashbulb Memory

Question 45

people think they saw/heard things they did not see/hear

Answer 45

Misattribution

Question 45

memory fades quickly

Answer 45

Transience

Question 45

mindedness

Answer 45

Absent

Question 46

can't remember something we know

Answer 46

Blocking

Question 47

remember things as consequential that, in a broad context are inconsequential

Answer 47

Persistence