chapter 10

Question 1

sound waves

Answer 1

the waves of pressure changes that occur in the air due to vibrations from the sound source

Question 2

cycle (sound)

Answer 2

amount of time between one peak of high pressure and the next in a sound wave

Question 3

pure tone

Answer 3

a sound wave in which changes in air pressure follow a sine wave pattern

Question 4

amplitude (sound)

Answer 4

the difference between maximum and minimum sound pressures

Question 5

loudness

Answer 5

perceptual experience of amplitude/intensity of a sound stimulus

Question 6

decibel (dB)

Answer 6

physical unit measuring sound amplitude

Question 7

frequency (sound)

Answer 7

number of cycles that occur in one second

Question 8

pitch

Answer 8

the subjective experience of sound, whether the sound is high or low, associated with frequency

Question 9

hertz (hZ)

Answer 9

what frequency is measured in, number of cycles in a second

Question 10

harmonics

Answer 10

higher frequencies in a complex sound that are integer multiples of the fundamental (main) frequency

Question 11

complex sound

Answer 11

sound consisting of a mix of frequencies

Question 12

fourier analysis

Answer 12

mathematical procedure for taking any complex waveform and separating it into multiple individual sine waves

Question 13

fundamental frequency

Answer 13

lowest frequency in a complex sound which determines the perceived pitch of that sound

Question 14

timbre

Answer 14

the perceived differences between sounds with the same pitch but different harmonics

Question 15

phase

Answer 15

the position in one cycle of a wave

Question 16

ear anatomy - outer ear
pinna

Answer 16

structure that collects sound and funnels it into the auditory canal

Question 17

ear anatomy - outer ear
external auditory canal/meatus

Answer 17

chanel that conducts sound from the pinna to the tympanic membrane aka eardrum

Question 18

ear anatomy - outer ear
tympanic membrane/eardrum

Answer 18

thin elastic sheet
vibrates in response to sound coming through the external auditory canal

Question 19

ear anatomy - middle ear
ossicles

Answer 19

3 small bones in the middle ear

Question 20

ear anatomy - middle ear
malleus

Answer 20

1st ossicle in the middle ear
receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane, transmits them to the incus

Question 21

ear anatomy - middle ear
incus

Answer 21

2nd ossicle in the middle ear
receives vibrations from the malleus and transmits them to the stapes

Question 22

ear anatomy - middle ear
stapes

Answer 22

3rd ossicle in the middle ear
receives vibrations from the incus and transmits them to the oval window of the inner ear

Question 23

ear anatomy - middle ear
eustachian tube

Answer 23

thin tube connecting the middle ear with the pharynx
equalises air pressure on either side of the eardrum

Question 24

ear anatomy - middle ear
tensor tympani

Answer 24

muscle attached to the malleus

Question 25

ear anatomy - middle ear stapedius

Answer 25

muscle attached to the stapes

Question 26

ear anatomy - middle ear acoustic reflex

Answer 26

tightens the tensor tympanic and the stapedius in response to chronic loud noise

Question 27

ear anatomy - inner ear cochlea

Answer 27

snail shaped structure of the inner ear contains the hair cells that transduce sound into neural signal tympanic canal, vestibular membrane cochlear duct, vestibular membrane vestibular canal, reissner’s membrane

Question 28

ear anatomy - inner ear tympanic canal

Answer 28

one of 3 chambers in the cochlea separated from the middle canal by the basilar membrane

Question 29

ear anatomy - inner ear middle canal/cochlear duct

Answer 29

- separated from the tympanic canal by the basilar membrane - contains the organ of corti - one of 3 chambers of the cochlea

Question 30

ear anatomy - inner ear vestibular canal

Answer 30

one of 3 chambers in the cochlea separated from the middle canal by reissner’s membrane

Question 31

ear anatomy - inner ear round window

Answer 31

soft tissue substance at the base of the tympanic canal functions as an escape valve for excess pressure from loud sounds that arrive in cochlea

Question 32

ear anatomy - inner ear reissner’s membrane

Answer 32

membrane that separates the vestibular and middle canals

Question 33

ear anatomy - inner ear basilar membrane

Answer 33

- separates the tympanic and middle canal - contains the organ of corti

Question 34

ear anatomy - inner ear organ of corti

Answer 34

structure on the basilar membrane that houses the hair cells that transduce sound into neural signal curled around the cochlea tonotopic organization

Question 35

ear anatomy - inner ear perilymph

Answer 35

fluid that fills the tympanic and vestibular canal

Question 36

ear anatomy - inner ear characteristic frequency

Answer 36

frequency to which any particular location along the basilar membrane responds best

Question 37

ear anatomy - organ of corti hair cells

Answer 37

cells that have sterocilla for transfusing the movement of the basilar membrane into neural signal

Question 38

ear anatomy - organ of corti stereocilla

Answer 38

hairlike parts of the hair cells on top of the inner and outer hair cells

Question 39

ear anatomy - organ of corti outer hair cells

Answer 39

cells that sharpen and amplify the responses of inner hair cells

Question 40

ear anatomy - organ of corti inner hair cell

Answer 40

cells that are responsible for transducing the neural signal

Question 41

ear anatomy - organ of corti tectorial membrane

Answer 41

membrane that rests above the hair cells

Question 42

place code theory

Answer 42

view that different locations along the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies

Question 43

temporal code theory

Answer 43

view that frequency representation occurs because of a match between sound frequency and the firing rates of the auditory nerve

Question 44

otosclerosis

Answer 44

inherited bone disease ossicles, particularly the stapes calcify less conductive of sound

Question 45

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 45

damage to the cochlea, auditory nerve or primary auditory cortex acquired or genetic

Question 46

tinnitus

Answer 46

condition where people perceive sound when none is present

Question 47

hearing aids

Answer 47

electronic devices that amplify sounds can hear what would otherwise be below threshold

Question 48

cochlear implants

Answer 48

stimulate the auditory nerve artificially with an electronic system replaces the hair cells of the cochlea with electrodes