chapter 12

Question 1

Trachea (windpipe)

Answer 1

tube bringing air to and from the mouth

Question 2

larynx (voice box)

Answer 2

structure that affects the pitches of sounds being made by the human vocal tract

Question 3

pharynx

Answer 3

top portion of the throat

Question 4

uvula

Answer 4

flap of tissue at the top of the throat that can close off the nasal cavity

Question 5

vowels

Answer 5

speech sounds made with unrestricted airflow

Question 6

consonants

Answer 6

speech sounds made with restricted airflow

Question 7

formants

Answer 7

• frequency bands with higher amplitudes among the harmonics of a vowel sound
  -each individual vowel sound has a specific pattern of formants

Question 8

place of articulation

Answer 8

point along the vocal tract at which the airflow is constricted

Question 9

voicing

Answer 9

whether the vocal cords are vibrating or not

Question 10

voiced consonant

Answer 10

a consonant that is produced using the vocal chords

Question 11

unvoiced consonant

Answer 11

a consonant that is produced without using the vocal chords

Question 12

phonemes

Answer 12

the basic units of sound in human language

Question 13

international phonetic alphabet

Answer 13

an alphabetic convention that provides a unique symbol for each and every phoneme in use in human languages

Question 14

coarticulation

Answer 14

the phenomenon in which one phoneme affects the acoustic properties of subsequent phonemes

Question 15

categorical perception

Answer 15

the perception of different acoustic stimuli as being identical phonemes up to a point at which perception flips to perceive another phoneme

Question 16

voicing onset time

Answer 16

the production of certain consonants (called stop consonants) in which there is a difference between the first sound of the phoneme and the movement of the vocal cords (called voicing)

Question 17

mcgurk effect

Answer 17

a phenomenon in which vision influences the sounds people report hearing

Question 18

word segmentation

Answer 18

the ability of speakers of a language to correctly perceive boundaries between words

Question 19

phonemic restoration effect

Answer 19

an illusion in which participants hear sounds that are masked by white noise, but context makes the missing sound apparent

Question 20

general mechanism theories

Answer 20

theories of speech perception that claim that the mechanisms for speech perception are the same as the mechanisms for auditory perception in general

Question 21

special mechanism theories

Answer 21

theories of speech perception that claim that the mechanisms for speech perception are distinct and unique relative to the mechanisms for auditory perception in general

Question 22

motor theory of speech perception

Answer 22

the theory that the core of speech perception is that the system infers the sound from the movements of the vocal tract

Question 23

perceptual narrowing

Answer 23

the developmental process whereby regularly experienced phonemes are homed in on, with simultaneous diminishing of the ability to discriminate unfamiliar phonemes

Question 24

broca’s area

Answer 24

an important area in the production of speech, located in the left frontal lobe

Question 25

wernicke's area

Answer 25

an important area in speech comprehension, located in the left temporal lobe

Question 26

aphasia

Answer 26

an impairment in language production or comprehension brought about by neurological damage

Question 27

broca's aphasia

Answer 27

a form of aphasia resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing a deficit in language production

Question 28

wernicke's aphasia

Answer 28

a form of aphasia resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing a deficit in language comprehension

Question 29

voice area

Answer 29

an area located in the superior temporal sulcus that responds to the sound of the human voice, but less so to other stimuli