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Histogy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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0
Q

Also has crossed radiation and easy law is composed of elongated often branch cells bound to one another at structures called intercalated disks that are unique to this muscle. contraction is involuntary vigorous and rhythmic

A

Cardiac muscle

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1
Q

Contains bundles of very long multinucleated cells with cross striations their contraction is quick forceful and usually under voluntary control

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Consist of collections of fusiform cells that lack striations and have slow involuntary contractions

A

Smooth muscle

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3
Q

In all types of muscle contraction is caused by the sliding interaction of thick_________ filaments along thin ______ filaments

A

Myosin, Actin

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4
Q

The cytoplasm of the muscle

A

Sarcoplasm

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5
Q

The smooth ER in muscle

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

The muscle cell membrane and its external Lamina

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

The variation in diameter of muscle fibers depends on factors such as the___________,____________,_______,_______, and __________

A

Specific muscle, age, gender, nutritional status, and physical training

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8
Q

Increased cell volume is called

A

Hypertrophy

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9
Q

Increase in number of cells is called

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

Have a small population and remains adjacent to most fibers of differentiated skeletal muscle

A

Satellite cells

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11
Q

An external sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle septa of this tissue extend inward carrying larger nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics of the muscle

A

Epimysium

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12
Q

A thin connective layer that immediately surrounds each bundle of muscle fibers ( fascicles) Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics penetrate this layer to supply each fascicle

A

Perimysium

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13
Q

Surrounds the external lamina of individual muscle fibers.

A

Endomysium

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14
Q

Transitional regions where collagen fibers from the tendon insert themselves among muscle fibers and associate directly with complex Infoldings of sarcolemma

A

Myotendinous junctions

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15
Q

Dark bands where both actin and myosin are both present

A

A Bands

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16
Q

Light bands were actin filaments are present are bisected by the z disc

A

I bands

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17
Q

The repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

Long cylindrical filament bundles , runs parallel to the long axis of the fiber

A

Myofibrils

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle mesenchymal cells

A

Myoblasts

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20
Q

When myoblasts Fuse to make multi-nucleated tubes

A

Myotubes

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21
Q

When myoblasts do not fuse and differentiate but remain a group of mesenchymal cells located on the external surface of muscle fibers inside developing external Lamina they proliferate and produce new muscle fibers following muscle injury

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

Filaments or 1.6 µm long and 15 nm wide. It is a Marge complex with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains heavy chains are thin rodlike motor proteins twisted together as tails

A

Myosin

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23
Q

Thin helical filaments which are one micrometer long 8 nm wide and run between the thick filaments contains a binding site for myosin

A

Actin

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24
Acting filaments are anchored perpendicularly it on the Z disc by the actin binding protein
a-actin
25
A 40 nm long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted acting strands
Tropomyosin
26
This regulatory protein has three subunits ( TnT, TnC, TnI)
Tropnin
27
TnT of tropnin
Attaches to tropomyosin
28
TnC of Tropnin
Binds to Calcium
29
TnI in Tropnin
Regulates the actin-myosin interaction
30
The largest protein in the body with scaffolding and elastic properties which supports the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc
Titin
31
A very large accessory protein binds eats then myofilaments latterly helps anchor them to Alpha Actin and specifies the links of the actin polymers During myogensis
Nebulin
32
Located in the M line | Holds thick filaments in place and is also a myosin binding protein
Myomesin
33
This enzyme catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from phosphocreatine a storage form of high-energy phosphate groups to ADP helping to supply ATP for muscle contraction
Creatine kinase
34
Is specialized for calcium Sequestration
Sacroplasmic reticulum
35
______________ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane which causes release of calcium is initiated at specialized motor nerve synapses on the sarcolemma
Depolarization
36
Long fingerlike invagination's of the cell membrane penetrate deeply into the sarcoplasm and encircle every myofibril near the aligned A and I and boundaries of sarcomeres
Transverse or T tubules
37
Adjacent to each side of every T tubule are expanded
Terminal cisterns
38
The complex of a T tubule with 2 associated small cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum on each side is known as
A Triad
39
When each axonal branch forms a dilated termination situated within a trough on the muscle cell surface
Motor end plate ( neuromuscular Junction)
40
What removes excess neurotransmitter ?
Acetylcholinesterase
41
A single axon and all the muscle fibers in contact with its branches make up a
Motor unit
42
Fibers of skeletal muscle are
Single multinucleate cells
43
Cell and fiber shape and size of skeletal muscle
Cylindrical 10 to 100 µm in diameter many centimeters long
44
Are there striations and skeletal muscle
Yes
45
Location of nuclei in skeletal muscle
Peripheral adjacent to sarcolemma
46
T tubules of skeletal muscle are located
Center of triads at A --I junctions
47
The sarcoplasm reticulum of skeletal muscle is
Will develops with two terminal cisterns per sarcomere and triads with T-tubule
48
Special structural features of skeletal muscle
Very well organized sarcomeres use SR, and tranverse tubule system
49
Control of contraction in skeletal muscle
troponin C binds calcium moving tropomyosin and exposing actin for myosin binding
50
Connective tissue organization for skeletal muscle
Endomysium Perimysium and epimysium
51
Major locations of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle tongue diaphragm eyes and upper esophagus
52
Key function of skeletal muscle
Voluntary Movement
53
Efferent innervation of skeletal muscle
Motor
54
Contractions in skeletal muscle
All-or-none triggered at motor in plates
55
Cell response to increased workload in skeletal muscle
Hypertrophy
56
Capacity for generation in skeletal muscle
Limited involving satellite cells mainlyp
57
In cardiac muscles fibers are
Aligned cells and branching arrangement
58
This cell and fiber shape and size of cardiac muscle
Cylindrical, 10-20 micrometers in diameter, 50-100 micrometers long
59
Are there striations in cardiac muscle
Yes
60
Location of nuclei in cardiac muscle
Central
61
T tubules in cardiac muscle
In do ads at Z discs
62
Sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle
Less well developed one small terminal cistern per sarcomere in Diad with T tubule
63
Special structural features of cardiac muscle
Intercalated discs joining cell, with many adherent and gap junctions
64
Control of contraction in cardiac muscle
Troponin C binds Calcium, moving tropomyosin and exposing actin for myosin binding
65
Connective tissue organization of cardiac muscle
Endomysium, subendocardial, and supericardial CT layers
66
Major locations of cardiac muscle
Heart
67
Key function of cardiac muscle
Automatic ( involuntary) pumping of blood
68
Contractions of Cardiac muscle
All-or-none, intrinsic ( beginning at nodes of conducting fibers)
69
Cell response to increased workload in cardiac muscle
Hypertrophy
70
Capacity to regeneration in cardiac muscle
Very poor
71
Fibers of smooth muscle are
Single small closely packed fusiform cells
72
Cell and fiber shape and size of smooth muscle are
Fusiform diameter .2 to 10 µm length 50- 200 µm
73
Striations in smooth muscle?
Absent
74
Location of nuclei in smooth muscle
Central, say widest part of cell
75
T tubules of smooth muscle
Absent; caveolae may be functionally similar
76
Sarcoplasmic reticulum of smooth muscle
Irregular smooth ER without distinctive organization
77
Special structural features in smooth muscle
Gap junctions, caveolae, dense bodies
78
Control of contraction in smooth muscle
Actin-Myosin binding occurs with myosin phosphorylation by MLCK triggered when calmodulin binds calcium
79
Connective tissue organization in smooth muscle
Endomysium and less organized CT sheaths
80
Major locations in smooth muscle
Blood vessels, digestive and respiratory tracts, uterus, bladder, and other organs
81
Key functions in smooth muscle
Involuntary movements
82
Efferent innervation in smooth muscle is
Autonomic
83
Contractions in Smooth muscle
Partial, slow, often spontaneous, wavelike and rhythmic
84
Cell response to increased load in smooth muscle
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia ( increase in cell/ fiber numbers)
85
Capacity for regeneration in smooth muscle
Good, involving mitotic activity of muscle cells
86
Slow oxidative fibers (type one) are ________in mitochondria and capillaries
Numerous
87
Repair and regeneration can occur in __________muscle because of a population of reserve muscle ______________cells that can proliferate use inform you must of fibers
Skeletal ,Satellite
88
Cardiac muscle Lacks_____________ cells and has little capacity for regeneration
Satellite
89
Regeneration is rapid in _________muscle because the cells \fibers are small and relatively less differentiated which allow renewed __________ activity after injury
Smooth, mitotic
90
Benign tumors called ______, commonly develop from smooth muscle fibers but are seldom problematic they most frequently occurring the wall the users with them, commonly called ________ where they can become sick sufficiently large to produce painful pressure and unexpected bleeding
Leiomyomas, fibroids
91
The most common injuries sustained by cardiac muscle is that due to _______ or tissue damage due to lack of oxygen when coronary arteries are occluded by heart disease
Ischemia
92
Research on the possibility possibility of the mammalian ______ _______ _______Builds on work with animal models focusing primarily on the potential for mesenchymal stem cells to form new site specific muscle
Heart muscle regeneration
93
__________is a large actin binding protein located just inside the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers which is involved in the functional organization of myofibrils
Dystrophin
94
Research on _________ revealed that mutations of the dystrophin gene can lead to defective linkage linkages between the cytoskeleton and the ECM muscle contractions Can disrupt these weak link linkages causing the Atrophy of muscle fibers typical of this disease
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
95
______________ is a autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors
Myasthenia Gravis
96
Increase in cell volume
Hypertrophy
97
Increase in the number of cells
Hyperplasia

Histogy (10 decks)

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