Chapter 2

Question 0

Specialized cells involved in lipid storage

Answer 0

Fat cells

Question 1

Specialized cells involved in metabolite absorption

Answer 1

Cells lining the intestine

Question 2

Specialized cells involved in intracellular digestion

Answer 2

Marcophages and neutrophils

Question 3

Specialized cells involved in the synthesis and secretion of steroids

Answer 3

Certain cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary

Question 4

Synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins

Answer 4

Cells of the mucous glands

Question 5

The synthesis and secretion of degradative enzymes

Answer 5

Cells of the digestive glands

Question 6

Convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials

Answer 6

Neurons and sensory cells

Question 7

Synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix

Answer 7

Fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

Question 8

Forum adhesive and tight junctions between cells

Answer 8

Epithelial cells

Question 9

Movement

Answer 9

Muscle and other contractile cells

Question 10

Movement of water through these multipass transmembrane proteins

Answer 10

Aquaporins

Question 11

Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to the Connecticut energy of the substance no expenditure of cellular energies required continues until equilibrium is reached if on ( if unopposed)

Answer 11

Passive Processes

Question 12

Unassisted net movement of small nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane examples are (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body tissues)

Answer 12

Simple diffusion

Question 13

Movement of ions and small polar molecules down their concentration gradient assisted across a selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein

Answer 13

Facilitated diffusion

Question 14

Movement of an ion down its concentration gradient through a protein channel (an example Na+ moves through Na+ channels into the cell)

Answer 14

Channel-Mediated

Question 15

Movement of small polar molecule down its concentration gradient by carrier protein (an example is transport of glucose into cells by a glucose carrier)

Answer 15

Carrier-Mediated

Question 16

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane direction is determined by relative salute concentrations continues until equilibrium is reached an example are solutes in the blood in systematic capillaries “pulls” fluid from interstitial space back into the blood

Answer 16

Osmosis

Question 17

Movement of substances requires expenditure of cellular energy

Answer 17

Active processes

Question 18

Transport of ions are small molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient buys transmembrane protein pumps

Answer 18

Active transport

Question 19

Movement of substance up it’s concentration gradient power directly by ATP (an example on calcium pumps that transport calcium out of the cell; sodium/potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell)

Answer 19

Primary

Question 20

Movement of a substance up its concentration gradient is powered by harnessing the movement of a second substance( example sodium down its concentration gradient)

Answer 20

Secondary

Question 21

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the same direction and sodium (an example is a sodium/ glucose transport)

Answer 21

Symport

Question 22

Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction from sodium (an example is a sodium hydrogen transport)

Answer 22

Antiport

Question 23

Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell are released from a cell

Answer 23

Vesicular Transport

Question 24

Bulk movement of a substance out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane (an example is release of a neurotransmitter by nerve cells)

Answer 24

Exocytosis

Question 25

Bulk movement of substances into the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane

Answer 25

Endocytosis

Question 26

Type of endocytosis and which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the sale are engulfed by pseudopodia (an example are white blood cells engulfing a bacterium)

Answer 26

Phagocytosis

Question 27

Type of Endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstital fluid is taken up by the cell (an example is formation of small vesicles in the capillary wall to move substances)

Answer 27

Pinocytosis

Question 28

Type of Endocytosis in which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances; receptor and bound substance then taken up by the cell ( an example is the uptake of cholesterol into cells)

Answer 28

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

Question 29

The signal molecules are carried in the blood to target cells

Answer 29

Endocrine signaling

Question 30

The chemical mediators are rapidly metabolized after release so that they act only on local cells very close to the source

Answer 30

Paracrine signaling

Question 31

A special kind of paracrine interaction, neurotransmitters act only on adjacent cells act only on adjacent cells through special contact areas called synapses

Answer 31

Synaptic signaling

Question 32

Signals bind receptors on the same cell type that produced the messenger molecule

Answer 32

Autocrine signaling

Question 33

Important in early embryonic tissue interactions, signaling molecules such as proteins remain part of a cell membrane and bind surface receptors of the target cell when two cells make direct physical contact

Answer 33

Juxtacrine signaling

Question 34

Open upon ligand binding to allow ion transfer across the membrane

Answer 34

Channel-linked Receptors

Question 35

Ligand binding induces catalytic activity in associated peripheral proteins

Answer 35

Enzymatic receptors

Question 36

Ligand binding change an associated " G Protein" that binds the guanine nucleotide GTP and is released to activate other cytoplasmic proteins

Answer 36

G-Protein-Coupled receptors

Question 37

The subunit of microtubules

Answer 37

Heterodimers of (alpha) & (beta) tubulin

Question 38

Microtubules are located .....

Answer 38

Radiating in the cytoplasm from concentration at centrosomes; axonemes

Question 39

The key functions of microtubules

Answer 39

Maintain cell's shape and polarity; provide tracks for organelle and chromosome movement; move cilia and flagella

Question 40

Subunit of microfilaments

Answer 40

G-actin monomers

Question 41

General locations of microfilaments

Answer 41

Concentrated beneath cell membrane; in cell extensions like microvilli

Question 42

Key functions of microfilaments

Answer 42

Contract and move cells; change cell shape; cytokinesis; cytoplasmic transport and streaming

Question 43

Subunit of intermediate filaments

Answer 43

Antiparallel tetramers of 2 rod-like diners

Question 44

General location of microfilaments

Answer 44

Arrayed throughout cytoplasm; at desmosomes; inside nuclear envelope

Question 45

Key functions of intermediate filaments

Answer 45

Strengthen cell and tissue structure; maintain cell shape; maintain nuclear shape (lamins)

Question 46

The phospholipid lipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally) forms a selectively permeable boundary of the cell. It acts as a physical barrier to enclose cell contents regulates material movement into and out of the cell establishes and maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane; functions in cell surface

Answer 46

Plasma membrane

Question 47

Short numerous membrane extensions supported by microtubules which occur on exposed membrane surfaces of some cells they move substances examples are (mucus and materials) over the cell surface

Answer 47

Cilia

Question 48

Long singular membrane extension supported by microtubules present on sperm cells it also propels Sperm cells

Answer 48

Flagellum

Question 49

Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface supported by microfilaments increases membrane surface area for greater absorption

Answer 49

Microvilli

Question 50

Large structure enclosed within a double membrane contains chromatin, nucleolus and nucleoplasm houses the DNA that serves as the genetic material for directing protein synthesis

Answer 50

Nucleus

Question 51

Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents continuous with rough ER separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Answer 51

Nuclear envelope

Question 52

Openings through the nuclear envelope allow passage of materials between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm including RNA protein ions and small water-soluble molecules

Answer 52

Nuclear Pores

Question 53

Large prominent structure within the nucleus functions in synthesis of ribosomes

Answer 53

Nucleolus

Question 54

Contents of cells between the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope responsible for many cellular processes

Answer 54

Cytoplasm

Question 55

Viscous fluid medium with dissolved solutes (ex. ions, proteins, carbs, and lipids) provide support for organelles serves as the viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs

Answer 55

Cytosol

Question 56

Membrane-bound and non membrane-bound structures carry out specific metabolic activities of the sale

Answer 56

Organelles

Question 57

extensive interconnected membrane network bed now very's in shape (ex. Cisternae, tubules) ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes these proteins are secreted become components of the plasma membrane or serve as enzymes of Lysosomes

Answer 57

Rough ER

Question 58

Extensive interconnected membrane network lacking ribosomes synthesizes, transports, and stores lipids (ex. Steroids) metabolizes carbohydrates detoxifies drugs alcohol and poisons forms vesicles and peroxisomes

Answer 58

Smooth E.R.

Question 59

Series of several elongated flattened saclike membranous us structures modifies packages and sorts materials that arrive from the ER and transport vesicles forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes

Answer 59

Golgi Apparatus

Question 60

Spherical shaped membrane-bound sacs; contain various types of materials to be transported through the cell transports cellular material

Answer 60

Vesicles

Question 61

Spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the Golgi apparatus contain digestive enzymes digest microbes or materials ( ex. ingested by the cell worn out cellular components, or the entire cell)

Answer 61

Lysosomes

Question 62

Smaller spherical shaped membrane-bound organelles formed from the ER or through fission contain oxidative enzymes detoxifies specific harmful substances either produced by the cell or taking into the cell engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to Acetyl COA

Answer 62

Peroxisomes

Question 63

Double membrane bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA (genes for producing mitochondrial proteins) synthesized most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules ( ex. glucose) in the presence of oxygen

Answer 63

Mitochondria

Question 64

Organelles composed of both protein and are are in a that are organized into both a large and small subunit maybe bound to a membrane are free and cytosol engage in protein synthesis once bound can produce proteins are secreted incorporated into plasma membrane and within lysosomes free produces proteins used within the cell

Answer 64

Ribosomes

Question 65

Organize network of protein filaments and hollowed tubules including microfilaments intermediate filaments and microtubules maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells participates in cell division and facilitates movement

Answer 65

Cytoskeleton

Question 66

Actin protein monomers organized into two thin intertwined protein filaments (actin filaments) maintains shape support microvilli separate two cells during cytokinesis (a process of cell division) facilitate change in cell shape participate in muscle contraction

Answer 66

Microfilaments

Question 67

Various protein components that provide structural support stabilize junctions between cell

Answer 67

Intermediate filaments

Question 68

Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin protein maintain cell shape and rigidity organize and move organelles support cilia and flagella participate in vascular transport separate chromosomes during the process of cell division

Answer 68

Microtubules

Question 69

Amorphous region adjacent to the nucleus contains a pair of centrioles organizes microtubules participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

Answer 69

Centrosome

Question 70

Large barrel shaped protein complexes located in both the cytosol and nucleus they degrade and digest Damaged or unneeded proteins ensure quality of exported proteins

Answer 70

Proteasomes

Question 71

Aggregates of specific types of molecules(ex. melanin protein glycogen or lipid) serve as temporary storage for these molecules

Answer 71

Inclusions