Chapter 10

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

Question 2

Prototypes

Answer 2

A mental image or best example of a category.

Question 3

Algorithm

Answer 3

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Question 4

Heuristic

Answer 4

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.

Question 5

Insight

Answer 5

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

Question 6

Confirmation Bias

Answer 6

A tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions.

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 8

Mental Set

Answer 8

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 9

Functional Fixedness

Answer 9

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

Question 10

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 10

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

Question 11

Availability Heuristic

Answer 11

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of ones beliefs and judgements.

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

Question 14

Belief Bias

Answer 14

The tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning.

Question 15

Belief Perseverance

Answer 15

Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 16

Language

Answer 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 17

Phoneme

Answer 17

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word.

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language, also, the study of meaning.

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 22

Babbling Stage

Answer 22

Beginning at about 4 months

Question 23

One-word Stage

Answer 23

Age 1-2. Mostly in single words

Question 24

Two-word Stage

Answer 24

Beginning at about age 2. - speaks mostly two-word statements.

Question 25

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 25

Early stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - “go car”

Question 26

Noam Chomsky

Answer 26

Thinks B.F. Skinners ideas were naive.

Question 27

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 27

Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.