Chapter 10

Question 1

Social Perspectives

Answer 1

Contemporary Issues:

• planning for wanted children
• physical health of mother
• insurance coverage of contraceptives
• population growth
• cultural gender-rule expectations
• wide diversity of views among cultures and religious leaders

Question 1

Sharing Responsibility

Answer 1

How to share responsibility:

• ask about birth control before intercourse (short-term)
• read and discuss options together (long-term)
• share expenses
• attend a class or clinic together

Question 2

Choosing a Birth Control Method

Answer 2

• Consider effectiveness and cost
• Consider ease of use and side effects
• Characteristics of ineffective use: guilt, negative attitudes about sex, failure rate (consistent and typical use)

Question 3

Birth Control: Effective Methods

Answer 3

• Abstinence (no touching)
• Outercourse ( all but penile-vaginal intercourse)
• Hormone-based contraception
• Barrier-based contraception
• Emergency contraception
• Fertility awareness contraception
• Sterilization

Question 4

Historical Perspectives

Answer 4

Evidence of contraception since the beginning of recorded history
U.S. contraceptive efforts:
- 1800’s Comstock Laws: federal law, illegal to distribute anything that was obscene
- 1915 Margaret Sanger’s: wealthy, thought women’s health in the U.S. was backwards. Released thousands of diaphragms
- U.S. Supreme Court rulings; Griswold vs. Connecticut, Eisenstadt vs. Baird: 1965 states could use contraception for only married couples, 1964 not at all; 1972 it was big for contraception

Question 5

Failure Rate

Answer 5

Number of women out of 100 who become pregnant after 1 year after using a particular contraceptive

Question 6

Backup Methods

Answer 6

Contraceptive methods used simultaneously with another method to support it

Question 7

Hormone-Based Contraceptives

Answer 7

• Oral Contraceptives
• Vaginal Ring
• Transdermal Patch
• Injected Contraception
• Contraceptive Implant

Question 8

4 Types of Oral Contraceptives

Answer 8

• Constant-Dose Combination Pill
• Triphasic Pill
• Seasonale Pill
• Progestin-Only Pill

Question 9

Outercourse

Answer 9

Sexual intimacy without penile-vaginal intercourse

Question 10

Constant-Dose Combination Pill

Answer 10

Birth control pill that contains a constant daily dose of estrogen
- 99% effective

Question 11

Triphasic Pill

Answer 11

Birth control pill that varies the dosages of estrogen and progestin during the menstrual cycle (change up 3 times)
- 99% effective

Question 12

Seasonale Pill

Answer 12

Birth control pill that reduces menstrual periods to four times a year (13 to 4); this can be harsh for women
- 99% effective

Question 13

Progestin-Only Pill

Answer 13

Contraceptive pill that contains a small dose of progestin and no estrogen (not as effective)
- 92% effective

Question 14

Vaginal Ring and Transdermal Patch

Answer 14

• Hold estrogen and progestin
• Called NuvaRing, and Ortho Evra
• Hormones go into blood stream to prevent pregnancy
• Less side effects using them

Question 15

Injected Contraceptives

Answer 15

• Called Deposit-Provera
• Active ingredient is progestin
• Lining of the uterus thins
• Progestin alters services mucus
• Combines estrogen and progestin

Question 16

Contraceptive Implants

Answer 16

• Slender rod placed under the skin of the upper arm

- Releases contraceptive hormones

Question 17

Birth Control Pill (Pains)

Answer 17

• Abdominal Pain
• Chest Pain
• Headaches
• Eye Problems
• Severe Leg Pain

Question 18

Condom

Answer 18

Sheath that fits over the penis and is used for protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections

Question 19

Vaginal Spermicides

Answer 19

Foam that contains a chemical that kills sperm

Question 20

Intrauterine Device

Answer 20

Small plastic device that goes into uterus for contraception

Question 21

Emergency Contraception

Answer 21

Hormone pills that can be used after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy

• occurs within 72 hours
• chemical: Copper-T IUD, inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse (can be 98% effective)
• 3 pills at one time

Question 22

Barrier Contraception

Answer 22

Two types:

1. Chemical Barriers
2. Physical Barriers

Question 23

Chemical Barriers

Answer 23

1. Vaginal Spermicides: they are really easy to do, and have no side effects
2. Foams (8 inches long and spray into vagina, evacuate instantly)
3. Suppositories (small pills and vaginal suppositories, take a little longer to activate) chemical reaction
4. Creams (physical barrier device)
5. Films (put around finger, and moisture of vagina dissolves and activation of spermicides occurs)

Question 24

Physical Barriers

Answer 24

1. Male Condom: sheath fits over erect penis 2. Female Condom: sheath fits in vagina 3. Diaphragm: rubber based, cream spermicide, see doctor 4. Cervical Cap: cream spermicide, latex, see doctor and a little tougher than diaphragm, remove within 24 hours 5. Fem Cap: cream spermicide, silicon made, sell cleaner, it goes for life, it sticks and suctions in the vagina 6. Lea's Shield: cream spermicide, only goes in and doesn't allow things to come through 7. Sponge: European and can't really get them in the U.S., very soft, and insert sponge like the rest

Question 25

Fertility Awareness Methods

Answer 25

Birth control methods using signs of cyclic fertility to prevent conception, there are also watches for two LED lights 1. Standard Days Method 2. Mucus Method 3. Calendar Method 4. Basal Body Temperature Method

Question 26

Standard Days Method

Answer 26

Birth control method that makes couples avoid unprotected intercourse for a 12-day period in the middle of the menstrual cycle

Question 27

Mucus Method

Answer 27

Birth control method determining time of ovulation by changes of the cervical mucus, cyclical changes

Question 28

Calendar Method

Answer 28

Birth control method used by abstinence from intercourse during calendar-estimated fertile days, self knowledge of cycle

Question 29

Basal Body Temperature Method

Answer 29

Birth control method based on body temperature changes before and after ovulation, wake up easy and resting stage

Question 30

Tubal Sterilization

Answer 30

Female sterilization accomplished by tying the Fallopian tubes - minilaparatomy - laparoscopy - culpotomy - transcervical sterilization

Question 31

Transcervical Sterilization

Answer 31

Method of female sterilization using a tiny coil inserted through the vagina, cervix, and uterus into the Fallopian tubes - cheap and less side effects

Question 32

Testicular Sterilization

Answer 32

Removal of testicules and replacing with a new set

Question 33

Vasectomy

Answer 33

Male sterilization done by cutting and closing each vas deferens

Question 34

Nursing

Answer 34

- Will cause amenorrhea after birth while breastfeeding - 80% ovulate before first period - Unreliable

Question 35

Withdrawal Before Ejaculation

Answer 35

- Difficult to judge when to withdraw - Anxiety may lower pressure - Cowper's gland may carry sperm - Any sperm on vulva may travel into uterus - Unreliable

Question 36

Douching

Answer 36

- Sperm reach uterus in 1-2 minutes - May speed sperm - Irritates vaginal tissue - Very ineffective