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Biology Quizzes > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

_ encodes proteins

A

Genes

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2
Q

_ create new alleles

A

Mutations

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3
Q

A _ is a continuous _ of _ with associated _

A

chromosome/molecules/DNA/proteins

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4
Q

A diploid is…?

A

22 homologous pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a cell?

A

23 pairs

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6
Q

_ is a type of _ _ that gives rise to _ _

A

Meiosis/cell division/haploid gametes

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7
Q

_ unites _ and _ the diploid number of _

A

Fertilization/gametes/restores/46

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8
Q

_ studied inheritance in _ _

A

Mendel/pea plants

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9
Q

Why did Mendel choose pea plants?

A

They developed quickly, produced abundant offspring, and they were easy to breed

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10
Q

How many types of alleles are there?

A

2

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11
Q

What are the 2 alleles?

A

Dominant and recessive

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12
Q

What is ‘true breeding’?

A

Self-fertilization yields only offspring identical to the parent

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13
Q

What is a ‘hybrid’?

A

Characteristics from 2 different parents

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14
Q

Dominant allele?

A

Always expressed if it’s present

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15
Q

Recessive allele?

A

Masked by dominant allele

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16
Q

For each _, a cell’s _ _ may be _ or _

A

gene/2 alleles/identical/different

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17
Q

What is genotype?

A

The genetic code (i.e. Bb, WW, Hh, etc)

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18
Q

Heterozygous…?

A

Different

i.e. Dominant Heterozygous Bb

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19
Q

Homozygous…?

A

Same

i.e. Dominant Homozygous BB, Recessive Heterozygous bb

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20
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Physically observed characteristics (i.e. purple or white)

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21
Q

What is wildtype?

A

Allele that is the most common in a population

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22
Q

If the wild type doesn’t occur?

A

Then there is a change in a gene, which causes a mutation

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23
Q

What could occur if there is a change in a gene?

A

Mutation phenotypes could occur

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24
Q

Simple Punnett Squares track only _ gene

A

1

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25
_ _ is a mating between _ individuals that are _ for the same gene
Monohybrid cross/2/heterozygous | i.e. Bb x Bb
26
_ reveals an unknown _ by breeding the individual to a _ _ individual
Testcross/genotype/homozygous recessive
27
_ explains Mendel
Meiosis
28
What is Mendel's Law of Segregation?
Two alleles of the same gene separate into different gametes
29
Tracking __ inheritance may require larger _ _
2-gene/Punnett Squares
30
_ _ is mating between individuals that are _ for _ genes
Dihybrid cross/heterozygous/2 | i.e. BBTT, BbTT, BbTt, bbTt bbtt
31
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment and Meiosis states that _ of _ gene does NOT affect the _ of another gene on _ chromosomes
inheritance/1/inheritance/different
32
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment and Meiosis states that _ _ occurs because _ _ of _ align randomly during _ _ of meiosis
Independent Assortment/homologous pairs/chromosomes/Metaphase 1
33
The _ _ replaces complex _ _
Product Rule/Punnett Squares
34
The Product Rule is an _ to Punnett Squares for following the _ of _ or more _ at a time
alternative/inheritance/2/traits
35
_ on the same _ are linked
Genes/chromosome
36
Linked Genes:
Located on the same chromosomes
37
Linkage Genes:
Collections of genes that are often inherited together
38
Crossing Over:
Farther apart two linked genes are on a chromosome
39
Studies of _ _ have yielded _ maps
linked genes/chromosomes
40
_ studies reveal the _ _ used to create _ maps
Breeding/crossover frequencies/linkage
41
_ show the order of genes on a _
Diagrams/chromosome
42
_ represent _ _ frequency relative to the _ gene at _
Numbers/crossing over/leftmost/0
43
_ _ and _ add phenotype classes
Incomplete dominance/codominance
44
_ _: _ for alleles with _ dominance have phenotypes _ between those of the two _
Incomplete Dominance/heterozygotes/incomplete/intermediate/homozygotes
45
_: _ alleles are both expressed in a _
Codominance/codominant/heterozygote
46
Some _ patterns are especially _ to interpret
inheritance/difficult
47
Pleiotropic:
Gene affects multiple phenotypes
48
When _ _ participate in a _ pathway, _ in genes _ any of the proteins can produce the same _
multiple proteins/biochemical/mutations/encoding/phenotype
49
Epistasis:
one gene masks the effect of another
50
_ traits are on _ and _ chromosomes
Sex-linked/x/y
51
Males:
X/Y
52
Females:
X/X
53
_-linked recessive disorders affect more _ than _
X/males/females
54
X-linked recessive disorders?
- Hemophilia A – Uncontrolled bleeding - Red-green color blindness - Duchenne Muscular dystrophy-muscle degeneration
55
X-linked Dominant disorders?
- Extra hairiness-more hair follicles | - Retinitis pigmentosa- defects in retina cause partial blindness
56
_-linked disorders more than _-linked
X/Y
57
mother to son
x
58
father to son
y
59
X inactivation prevents "_ _" of proteins
doubling dosing
60
_-inactivation shuts off all but one _ chromosome in _ mammals
X/X/female
61
_ traces _ in families and reveals modes of _
Pedigree/phenotypes/inheritance
62
Autosomal Dominant:
disorder can be inherited from one affected parent
63
Effects of Autosomal Dominant?
- Huntington disease-uncontrolled movements - Marfan syndrome– Long limbs, weakened aorta - Polydactyl- Extra fingers, toes or both
64
Autosomal Recessive:
disorder must be inherited from both parents
65
Effects of Autosomal Recessive?
- Cystic fibrosis-lung infection, infertility - Albinism-lack of pigmentation - Tay-Sachs disease- nervous system degeneration
66
The _ can alter the phenotype
environment
67
Most traits have _ as well as _ influences
environmental/genetic
68
_ traits depend on more than _ gene
Polygenic/one
69
_ traits can vary _ in its expression
Polygenic/continuously

Biology Quizzes (10 decks)

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