Chapter 12 Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

_ _ is descent with modification

Biological Evolution

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One way to detect _ is to look for a _ in the _ _ of a population

evolution/shift/gene pool

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_ frequencies change from one _ to the next when _ occurs

Allele/generation/evolution

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_ is small scale _ changes within a _

Microevolution/genetic/species

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Over long term, _ changes also explain _ events

microevolutionary/macroevolutionary

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_ leads to the emergence of new _

Microevolution/species

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_ laid groundwork for _ thought

Geology/evolutionary

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Some people explained the _ of _ _ with the idea of _

distribution/rock strata/catastrophism

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Catastrophism?

Continual remodeling of Earth’s surface

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Principle of Superstition?

Lower rock strata are older than those above - Suggests an evolutionary sequence for fossils within them

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_ - 1st to purpose a _ _ of evolution, but it was based on _ and _ of _ during an _ lifetime

Lamrack/testable mechanism/use/disuse/traits/organism’s

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What was Charles Darwin’s Voyage?

HMS Beagle

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What did Darwin observe on his voyage?

the distribution of organisms in diverse habitats and their relationships to geological formations

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What did Darwin develop?

his theory of the Origin of Species

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How did Darwin say organisms developed?

through the means of natural selection

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_ _ _ proposed natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism

Origin of Species

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_ _ is based on multiple observations

Natural Selection

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Through the O.o.S and Natural Selection, _ vary for different _

Individuals/traits

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Through the O.o.S and Natural Selection, many more _ are _ than _

offspring/born/survive

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Through the O.o.S and Natural Selection, _ is a struggle to _ limited _

life/acquire/resources

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Through the O.o.S and Natural Selection, the _ eliminates _ _ individuals (only those with the best adaptation reproduce)

environment/poorly adapted

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_ _- based on similar requirements (except that a _ _ takes the pace of the _)

Artificial selection/human breeder/environment

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_ _ continues to expand

Evolutionary Theory

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_ _ _- unifies ideas about _, mutations, _, and _ _

Modern Evolutionary Theory/DNA/inheritance/natural selection

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_ enhance _ success

Adaptations/reproductive

_ _ is one mechanism of _

Natural Selection/microevolution

_ _ requires _ | which arises ultimately from random mutations

Natural Selection/variation

_ with the best _ to the current _ are most likely to leave _ offspring, and therefore their _ become more _ in the _ over time

Individuals/adaptations/environment/fertile/alleles/common/population

_ _ eliminates _ adapted _

Natural Selection/poorly/phenotypes

_ _ weeds out some _, causing changes in _ frequencies over _ _

Natural Selection/phenotypes/allele/multiple generations

_ _ does not have, or work towards, a _

Natural Selection/goal

_ _ can't achieve _ adapted _

Natural Selection/perfectly/organisms

_ with the highest _ _ are the ones that have the _ _ success

Organisms/evolutionary fitness/greatest reproductive

Many _ contribute to an _ fitness

traits/organism's

_- an organism's _ to the next generation's _ _

Fitness/contribution/gene pool

At _-_ equilibrium, _ _ do not change

Hardy-Weinberg/allele frequencies

_ of allele frequencies and _ _ allow _ to detect whether _ has occurred

Calculations/genotype frequencies/biologists/evolution

We can calculate the _ of _ and _ in population by inserting known _ _ into an equation

proportion/genotypes/phenotypes/allele frequencies

What is the equation to calculate proportions?

P^2+2pq+q^2=1

If the _ meets all assumptions of _-_ equilibrium, _ does not occur because _ frequencies do not change from _ to _

population/Hardy-Weinberg/evolution/allele/generation/generations

_ _ always change

Allele frequencies

The conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium do _ _ together in _ _

not occur/natural populations

Suggesting that allele frequencies always change from one generation to the next, some _ are better _ to the _ than others (_ _)

phenotypes/adapted/environment/natural selections

Suggesting that allele frequencies always change from one generation to the next, _ introduce new _

mutations/alleles

Suggesting that allele frequencies always change from one generation to the next, _ frequencies change due to chance (_ _)

allele/genetic drift

Suggesting that allele frequencies always change from one generation to the next, _ remain in _ groups, _ among themselves rather than with the larger _ (_ _ )

individuals/closed/mating/population/nonrandom mating

Suggesting that allele frequencies always change from one generation to the next, _ migrate among _

individuals/populations

Selection Types:

Directional, Disruptive, Stabilizing

Directional Selection?

1 extreme phenotype becomes more prevalent in a population

Disruptive Selection?

Multiple extreme phenotypes survive at the expense of intermediate forms

Stabilizing Selection?

An intermediate phenotype has an advantage over individuals with extreme phenotypes

_ _ is where _ _ indefinitely maintains more than _ _ for a gene

Balanced Polymorphism/natural selection/2 alleles

_ _ alleles may remain in a _ because of a _ _ in which carriers have _ _ over _

Harmful recessive/population/heterozygote advantage/reproductive advantage/homozygous

_ _ differentiate the sexes

Sexual Dimorphisms

_ _ result from _ _, a form of natural selection in which inherited _ even those that seem _ make an individual more likely to _

Sexual Dimorhpisms/sexual selection/traits/nonadaptive/mate

_ _ is competition that does not involve a choice by the opposite sex

Intrasexual Selection

_ _ reflects mate choice by members of the opposite sex

Intersexual selection

_ fuel _

Mutation/evolution

_ alters allele frequencies by _ one _ into another

Mutation/changing/allele

_ sometimes provide new _ for _ _ to act on

Mutations/phenotypes/natural selection

Many _ do not pass on to the next _

mutations/generation

_ _ occurs by _

Genetic Drift/chance

_ _- allele frequencies change purely by chance events (especially in small populations)

Genetic Drift

_ _ and _ _ are forms of genetic drift

Founder Effect/population bottlenecks

_ _ concentrates _ _

Nonrandom Mating/alleles locally

_ _ causes some alleles to _ in subpopulations

Nonrandom Mating/concentrate

_ _ moves alleles between populations

Gene Flow

_ movement between populations, as by _, is _ _

Allele/migrations/gene flow

_ occurs by _ _, mutations, _ _, nonrandom mating, and _ _

Evolution/natural selection/genetic drift/gene flow

_ _ selects for _ that maximize _ _

Natural Selection/adaptations/reproductive success

_-_ equilibrium assumes _ _, mutations, _ _, nonrandom mating, and _ _ do not occur

Hardy-Weinberg/natural selection/genetic drift/gene flow

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(71 cards)