Chapter 10 Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What is psychopharmacology
A
The study of the effects of exogenous drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
2
Q
What is an exogenous drug
A
Something that is administered from outside the body
3
Q
What is pharmacokinetics
A
How the drug is used by the body
4
Q
What must a drug do to have an effect on you (3)
A
- It must get inside of you
- It must get to the site of action
- It must bind to a receptor
5
Q
What are the routes of administration of a drug (6)
A
- Injection
- Oral
- Sublingual
- Rectal
- Inhalation
- Topical
6
Q
What are the ways drugs can be injected into the body (4)
A
- Intravenous
- Intraperitoneal
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
7
Q
What types of drugs are administered topically
A
Steroids
8
Q
What types of steroids are most commonly administered topically (2)
A
- Sex steroids
2. Cortisol like steroids
9
Q
What are 2 types of routes to administer drugs that are used in animals but not humans
A
- Intracerebral
2. Intracerebroventricular
10
Q
What makes a drug more addictive
A
The faster it gets into circulation the more addictive the drug
11
Q
What is the order from fastest to slowest route of administration of a drug (4)
A
- Intravenous
- Smoked
- Intranasal
- Oral
12
Q
True or False:
Morphine activates your endogenous opioid system
A
True
13
Q
What happens if you take too many opiates
A
You stop breathing
14
Q
Does a high or low therapeutic index indicate a safer drug
A
High therapeutic index
15
Q
True or False: Alcohol has a lower therapeutic index than cocaine therefore it is more dangerous than cocaine
A
True
16
Q
What is tolerance
A
With repeated use of a drug you start to need more of the drug to get the same effect
17
Q
What is sensitization
A
With repeated use of a drug you start to see an increased effect of the drug
18
Q
What is a precursor
A
A substance from which another substance is formed
19
Q
What is an agonist
A
A drug that facilitates postsynaptic effects
20
Q
What is an antagonist
A
A drug that blocks postsynaptic effects
21
Q
What is the therapeutic index determined by
A
The number of patients that ended up dying from the negative side effects of the drug
22
Q
What is the margin of safety
A
The dose of a drug that is considered safe to use for a patient to receive the positive effects of the drug and avoid the more serious negative effects
23
Q
What is direct agonist/antagonist
A
Competitive binding
24
Q
What is indirect agonist/antagonist
A
Non-competitive binding
25
What does the term NT refer to
The way the chemical is used by the body
26
Does the term NT have anything to do with the chemical itself
Not really
27
True or False:
| The same chemical can be a hormone and a NT
True
28
What are chemicals used for neurocrine mediation called
Neurotransmitters
29
Neural signaling causes release of what
Neurotransmitters
30
What is paracrine signaling
Release of chemicals that effects cells nearby
31
What is endocrine signaling
The release of a hormone into the blood stream that has an effect on cells far from the sight of release
32
What are the 4 criteria for something to be a NT
1. In terminal button
2. Ca++ dependent release
3. Subject to inactivation
4. Receptors exist
33
What does acetylcholinesterase (AChE) do
Breaks ACH into choline and acetic acid
34
What are the NTs that are amino acids (4)
1. Glutamate
2. Aspartate
3. Gylcine
4. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
35
What are the NTs that are monoamines (4)
1. Catecholamines
2. Indoleamines
3. Histamine
4. Acetylcholine
36
What is a type of indoleamines
5-HT/serotonin
37
What are the NTs that are neuropeptides (2)
1. Substance P
| 2. Endorphins
38
What are the catecholamines (3)
1. Dopamine (DA)
2. Norepinephrine (NE)
3. Epinephrine (EP)
39
True or False:
| Amino acid NTs are the work horse of the CNS
True
40
What is the predominant type of NT
Amino acid neurotransmitters
41
What % of synapses involve 4 amino acid transmitters
90%
42
What are the 4 amino acids that make up 90% of synapses
1. Glutamate
2. Glycine
3. GABA
4. Aspartate
43
Can amino acid NTs be excitatory or inhibitory
Yes'm
44
What are the excitatory amino acid NTs (2)
1. Glutamate
| 2. Aspartate
45
What are the inhibitory amino acid NTs (2)
1. GABA
| 2. Glycine
46
What do most of the amino acid NT use for receptors
Iontropic receptors
47
What do some of the amino acid NT use for receptors
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
48
What is an ionotropic receptor
Receptor that is an ion channel
49
True or False:
| Usually neurons that release seratonin and dopamine release glutamate and GABA
True
50
How are amino acid transmitters inactivated (2)
1. NT is taken up by astrocyte
| 2. NT is taken up by the terminal button
51
What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed through the CNS
Glutamate
52
What are the types of glutamate receptor (4)
1. AMPA
2. Kainate
3. NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)
4. G-Protein coupled glutamate receptors
53
What are the ionotropic receptors of glutamate (3)
1. AMPA
2. Kainate
3. NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)
54
How many varieties of the G-Protein coupled glutamate receptors are there
At least 8
55
What are NMDA and AMPA receptors used for (2)
1. Learning
| 2. Memory
56
True or False:
| NMDA is a coincidence receptor
True
57
What is a coincidence receptor
Detects when 2 things happen simultaneously
58
What plugs the pore in an NMDA receptor when glutamate is bound causing the channel to open
Mg++
59
What 2 things that must occur for an NMDA receptor to be active
1. Glutamate needs to bind
| 2. Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell by another channel
60
What are the 2 important functions of NMDA receptors
1. Coincidence receptor
| 2. Permeable to Ca++
61
What does NMDA receptors being permeable to Ca++ allow
Ca++ can bind to and activate enzymes through intracellular messenging
62
True or False:
| Glutamate and GABA are produced everywhere in the brain
True
63
Is GABA a major inhibitory or excitatory NT
Major inhibitory NT
64
True or False:
| GABA is widely distributed through the CNS
True
65
What must we know for the test about NT (5)
1. Where they are produced
2. Function
3. How they are broken down
4. Synthesis pathway
5. Where is it released
66
What synthesize GABA
Glutamate and glutamic acid decarboxylase
67
What is released during the synthesis of GABA
CO2
68
What are the IPSPs (2)
1. Cl-
| 2. K+
69
What are the EPSPs (2)
1. Ca++
| 2. Na+
70
True or False:
| A NT is considered inhibitory if it causes hyperpolarization
True
71
What are the 2 types of GABA receptors (2)
GABA a and GABA b receptors
72
What do GABA a receptors allow
Cl- ions into the neuron
73
What does the Cl- cause in the neuron
Hyperpolarization
74
What type of receptor is GABA a
Ionotropic receptor
75
What is diazepam (2)
1. Valium
| 2. Benzodiazapine
76
What 2 things enhance the inhibitory action of GABA (2)
1. Benzodiazepines
| 2. Barbiturates
77
What does benzodiazapine do the the effects of GABA
Increases the probability of opening the channel
78
What is another name for barbituate
Phenobarbital
79
What does barbituate do to the effects of GABA
Increases the open time of the receptor
80
How does alcohol effect the release of GABA
It increases the release
81
What do GABA b receptors connected to
K+ channels which hyperpolarizes the membrane
82
What was the first isolated NT
Acetylcholine
83
Who first isolated acetylcholine
Otto Loewi
84
How is acetylcholine synthesized
Acetyl coenzyme A and choline are combined by choline acetyltransferase
85
What does choline acetyltransferase make (2)
1. Acetylcholine
| 2. Coenzyme A
86
How does choline acetyltransferase make acetylcholine
Transfers acetate ion from acetyl-CoA to choline
87
What breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase
88
What are the types of acetylcholine receptors (2)
1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
| 2. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
89
What does the 2nd order neuron release in parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
90
What does the 2nd order neuron release in the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine
91
Where are the important areas that cholinergics like ACh are produced in (3)
1. Dorsal lateral pons
2. Basal forebrain
3. Medial septum
92
What are the 9 CNS functions of ACh
1. Memory
2. Learning
3. Aggression
4. Grand Mal seizures
5. Sensory perception
6. Behavioral arousal
7. Energy conservation
8. Motor coordination
9. REM sleep
93
What is the precursor to catecholamines
Tyrosine
94
What is the precursor to indoleamines
Tryptophan
95
What is the precursor to histamine
Histidine
96
What is the precursor to acetylcholine
Acetyl CoA + Choline
97
What are the 3 catecholamines
1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Epinephrine
98
What is the indolemine
1. Serotonin (5-HT)
99
What do all catecholamines have
Catechol group
100
How is dopamine made
Tyrosine 5-hydroxylase converts tyrosine into dopa which is then converted to dopamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
101
What is the rate limiting step for the production of dopamine
Tyrosine 5-hydroxylase
102
What is Dopa used for
Treatment for Parkinson's Disease
103
True or False:
| Dopa is able to cross the blood brain barrier while dopamine is not able to cross the blood brain barrier
True
104
Why is dopa used to treat Parkinson's Disease
It is able to cross the blood brain barrier so it can get into the brain
105
What is dopamine a precursor for (2)
1. Epinephrine
| 2. Norepinephrine
106
How is norepinephrine made
Dopamine b-hydroxylase converts dopamine into norepinephrine
107
How is epinephrine made
Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT) converts norepinephrine into epinephrine
108
What are the 5 subtypes of dopamine receptors
D1. D2, D3, D4, and D5
109
Are D1 like dopamine excitatory or inhibitory receptors
Excitatory (Gs)
110
Are D2 like dopamine inhibitory or inhibitory receptors
Inhibitory (Gi)
111
True or False:
| You have to be very specific to the type of dopamine receptor you want
True
112
Where does the mesolimbic run to and from
Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens and amygdala
113
What is the function of the mesolimbic tract (3)
1. Reinforcement
2. Drug addiction
3. Schizophrenia
114
The mesolimbic provides the feeling of what
Wanting something
115
Where does the mesocortical run to and from
Ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex
116
What is the function of the mesocortical tract (2)
1. Short term memory (STM)
| 2. Planning
117
Where does the nigrostriatal run to and from
Substantia nigra to the basal ganglia
118
What is the function of the nigrostriatal tract (1)
1. Movement
119
What tract is not functioning in people with Parkinson's Disease
Nigrostriatal tract
120
What are the 3 spots dopamine goes in the brain to perform it's functions
1. Mesolimbic
2. Mesocortical
3. Nigrostriatal
121
Where is dopamine made (2)
1. Substantia nigra
| 2. Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
122
Where does norepinephrine have a function (2)
1. Brain
| 2. Autonomic nervous system
123
Where is norepinephrine produced
Locus coeruleus
124
True or False:
| Norepinephrine projects to almost every brain region
True
125
What are 2 big functions of norepinephrine
1. Vigalance
| 2. Attentiveness
126
Where is norepinephrine stored and released from
Axonal varicosities
127
How do axonal varicosities release norepinephrine
Paracrine secretion
128
What order neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release norepinephrine
2nd order neurons
129
What receptors effectively bind epinephrine (4)
1. Alpha 1
2. Alpha 2
3. Beta 1
4. Beta 2
130
What receptors effectively bind norepinephrine (3)
1. Alpha 1
2. Alpha 2
3. Beta 1
131
What effect do alpha 1 receptors have on the body
Vasoconstriction of skin and GI
132
What effect do alpha 2 receptors have on the body
Neural
133
What effect do beta 1 receptors have on the body
Increases heart rate
134
What effect do beta 2 receptors have on the body
Vasodilation of skeletal muscle
135
What type of receptor are alpha 1 and 2 and beta 1 and 2
Metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors
136
True or False:
| Norepinephrine causes explosive responses
True
137
How are catecholamines inactivated
They are taken in from the synaptic cleft by catecholamine transporter and is inactivated by monoamine oxidase
138
How does cocaine enhance the effects of dopamine
Cocaine blocks dopamine transporter
139
True or False:
| Tryptophan is in all meat not just turkey
True
140
What do all indoleamines have
Indole group
141
How is serotonin made
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase converts tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan which is converted into serotonin by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
142
How are indoleamines inactivated
They are brought back in from the synaptic cleft by 5-HT transporterand is inactivated by monoamine oxidase
143
What are the functions of serotonin (6)
1. Mood
2. Sensory
3. Perception,
4. Sleep
5. Arousal
6. Pain
144
Where is serotonin made
The raphe nucleus
145
Where is serotonin released in the brain
Everywhere
146
What effect the inactivation of serotonin (3)
1. Antidepressants
2. SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
3. MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
147
True or False:
| MAOIs effect dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine as well
True
148
How are neuropeptides inactivated
Peptidases degrade the bioactive peptides into inactive fragments
149
True or False:
| In general they are a metabotropic receptor deactivated by peptidases
True
150
What are low density vesicles (LDV)
The are vesicles filled with neuropeptide
151
What do low density vesicles look like
Big dark black circles
152
What peptide is colocalized with acetlycholine (1)
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
153
What peptide is colocalized with norepinephrine (3)
1. Somatostatin
2. Enkephalin
3. Cholecystokinin
154
What peptide is colocalized with dopamine (2)
1. Cholecystokinin
| 2. Enkphalin
155
What peptide is colocalized with epinephrine (1)
1. Enkephalin
156
What peptide is colocalized with serotonin (2)
1. Substance P
| 2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
157
True or False:
| In one terminal button there can be release of multiple chemicals at once
True
158
What does an agonist do to the postsynaptic cell
Causes an enhanced response
159
What does an antagonist do to the postsynaptic cell
Causes an inhibited response in postsynaptic cell
160
What is psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of exogenous drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
161
What type of activity does stimulating an auto receptor have agonist or antagonist and why
Antagonist because it says there is too much NT in the synapse
162
What does tetrahydrocannabinoid stimulate
Cannabinoid recptors in the cerebellum, globus pallidus, hippocampus, and substantia nigra
163
What was the first natural ligand for THC discovered
Anandamide
164
True or False:
| There are very few THC receptors in the brain stem so it has a low toxicity and won't kill you
True
165
How does LSD (lysergic acid diethylamine) affect the body
Distortion of visual perception
166
How does MDMA (ectasy) affect the body
Excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
167
True or False:
| LSD messes with serotonin
True
