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Neuro > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of exogenous drugs on the nervous system and on behavior

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2
Q

What is an exogenous drug

A

Something that is administered from outside the body

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics

A

How the drug is used by the body

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4
Q

What must a drug do to have an effect on you (3)

A
  1. It must get inside of you
  2. It must get to the site of action
  3. It must bind to a receptor
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5
Q

What are the routes of administration of a drug (6)

A
  1. Injection
  2. Oral
  3. Sublingual
  4. Rectal
  5. Inhalation
  6. Topical
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6
Q

What are the ways drugs can be injected into the body (4)

A
  1. Intravenous
  2. Intraperitoneal
  3. Intramuscular
  4. Subcutaneous
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7
Q

What types of drugs are administered topically

A

Steroids

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8
Q

What types of steroids are most commonly administered topically (2)

A
  1. Sex steroids

2. Cortisol like steroids

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9
Q

What are 2 types of routes to administer drugs that are used in animals but not humans

A
  1. Intracerebral

2. Intracerebroventricular

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10
Q

What makes a drug more addictive

A

The faster it gets into circulation the more addictive the drug

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11
Q

What is the order from fastest to slowest route of administration of a drug (4)

A
  1. Intravenous
  2. Smoked
  3. Intranasal
  4. Oral
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12
Q

True or False:

Morphine activates your endogenous opioid system

A

True

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13
Q

What happens if you take too many opiates

A

You stop breathing

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14
Q

Does a high or low therapeutic index indicate a safer drug

A

High therapeutic index

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15
Q

True or False: Alcohol has a lower therapeutic index than cocaine therefore it is more dangerous than cocaine

A

True

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16
Q

What is tolerance

A

With repeated use of a drug you start to need more of the drug to get the same effect

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17
Q

What is sensitization

A

With repeated use of a drug you start to see an increased effect of the drug

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18
Q

What is a precursor

A

A substance from which another substance is formed

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19
Q

What is an agonist

A

A drug that facilitates postsynaptic effects

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20
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A drug that blocks postsynaptic effects

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21
Q

What is the therapeutic index determined by

A

The number of patients that ended up dying from the negative side effects of the drug

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22
Q

What is the margin of safety

A

The dose of a drug that is considered safe to use for a patient to receive the positive effects of the drug and avoid the more serious negative effects

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23
Q

What is direct agonist/antagonist

A

Competitive binding

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24
Q

What is indirect agonist/antagonist

A

Non-competitive binding

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25
Q

What does the term NT refer to

A

The way the chemical is used by the body

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26
Q

Does the term NT have anything to do with the chemical itself

A

Not really

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27
Q

True or False:

The same chemical can be a hormone and a NT

A

True

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28
Q

What are chemicals used for neurocrine mediation called

A

Neurotransmitters

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29
Q

Neural signaling causes release of what

A

Neurotransmitters

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30
Q

What is paracrine signaling

A

Release of chemicals that effects cells nearby

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31
Q

What is endocrine signaling

A

The release of a hormone into the blood stream that has an effect on cells far from the sight of release

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32
Q

What are the 4 criteria for something to be a NT

A
  1. In terminal button
  2. Ca++ dependent release
  3. Subject to inactivation
  4. Receptors exist
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33
Q

What does acetylcholinesterase (AChE) do

A

Breaks ACH into choline and acetic acid

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34
Q

What are the NTs that are amino acids (4)

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Aspartate
  3. Gylcine
  4. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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35
Q

What are the NTs that are monoamines (4)

A
  1. Catecholamines
  2. Indoleamines
  3. Histamine
  4. Acetylcholine
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36
Q

What is a type of indoleamines

A

5-HT/serotonin

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37
Q

What are the NTs that are neuropeptides (2)

A
  1. Substance P

2. Endorphins

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38
Q

What are the catecholamines (3)

A
  1. Dopamine (DA)
  2. Norepinephrine (NE)
  3. Epinephrine (EP)
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39
Q

True or False:

Amino acid NTs are the work horse of the CNS

A

True

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40
Q

What is the predominant type of NT

A

Amino acid neurotransmitters

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41
Q

What % of synapses involve 4 amino acid transmitters

A

90%

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42
Q

What are the 4 amino acids that make up 90% of synapses

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Glycine
  3. GABA
  4. Aspartate
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43
Q

Can amino acid NTs be excitatory or inhibitory

A

Yes’m

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44
Q

What are the excitatory amino acid NTs (2)

A
  1. Glutamate

2. Aspartate

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45
Q

What are the inhibitory amino acid NTs (2)

A
  1. GABA

2. Glycine

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46
Q

What do most of the amino acid NT use for receptors

A

Iontropic receptors

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47
Q

What do some of the amino acid NT use for receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)

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48
Q

What is an ionotropic receptor

A

Receptor that is an ion channel

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49
Q

True or False:

Usually neurons that release seratonin and dopamine release glutamate and GABA

A

True

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50
Q

How are amino acid transmitters inactivated (2)

A
  1. NT is taken up by astrocyte

2. NT is taken up by the terminal button

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51
Q

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed through the CNS

A

Glutamate

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52
Q

What are the types of glutamate receptor (4)

A
  1. AMPA
  2. Kainate
  3. NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)
  4. G-Protein coupled glutamate receptors
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53
Q

What are the ionotropic receptors of glutamate (3)

A
  1. AMPA
  2. Kainate
  3. NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)
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54
Q

How many varieties of the G-Protein coupled glutamate receptors are there

A

At least 8

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55
Q

What are NMDA and AMPA receptors used for (2)

A
  1. Learning

2. Memory

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56
Q

True or False:

NMDA is a coincidence receptor

A

True

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57
Q

What is a coincidence receptor

A

Detects when 2 things happen simultaneously

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58
Q

What plugs the pore in an NMDA receptor when glutamate is bound causing the channel to open

A

Mg++

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59
Q

What 2 things that must occur for an NMDA receptor to be active

A
  1. Glutamate needs to bind

2. Depolarization of the postsynaptic cell by another channel

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60
Q

What are the 2 important functions of NMDA receptors

A
  1. Coincidence receptor

2. Permeable to Ca++

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61
Q

What does NMDA receptors being permeable to Ca++ allow

A

Ca++ can bind to and activate enzymes through intracellular messenging

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62
Q

True or False:

Glutamate and GABA are produced everywhere in the brain

A

True

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63
Q

Is GABA a major inhibitory or excitatory NT

A

Major inhibitory NT

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64
Q

True or False:

GABA is widely distributed through the CNS

A

True

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65
Q

What must we know for the test about NT (5)

A
  1. Where they are produced
  2. Function
  3. How they are broken down
  4. Synthesis pathway
  5. Where is it released
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66
Q

What synthesize GABA

A

Glutamate and glutamic acid decarboxylase

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67
Q

What is released during the synthesis of GABA

A

CO2

68
Q

What are the IPSPs (2)

A
  1. Cl-

2. K+

69
Q

What are the EPSPs (2)

A
  1. Ca++

2. Na+

70
Q

True or False:

A NT is considered inhibitory if it causes hyperpolarization

A

True

71
Q

What are the 2 types of GABA receptors (2)

A

GABA a and GABA b receptors

72
Q

What do GABA a receptors allow

A

Cl- ions into the neuron

73
Q

What does the Cl- cause in the neuron

A

Hyperpolarization

74
Q

What type of receptor is GABA a

A

Ionotropic receptor

75
Q

What is diazepam (2)

A
  1. Valium

2. Benzodiazapine

76
Q

What 2 things enhance the inhibitory action of GABA (2)

A
  1. Benzodiazepines

2. Barbiturates

77
Q

What does benzodiazapine do the the effects of GABA

A

Increases the probability of opening the channel

78
Q

What is another name for barbituate

A

Phenobarbital

79
Q

What does barbituate do to the effects of GABA

A

Increases the open time of the receptor

80
Q

How does alcohol effect the release of GABA

A

It increases the release

81
Q

What do GABA b receptors connected to

A

K+ channels which hyperpolarizes the membrane

82
Q

What was the first isolated NT

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

Who first isolated acetylcholine

A

Otto Loewi

84
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized

A

Acetyl coenzyme A and choline are combined by choline acetyltransferase

85
Q

What does choline acetyltransferase make (2)

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Coenzyme A

86
Q

How does choline acetyltransferase make acetylcholine

A

Transfers acetate ion from acetyl-CoA to choline

87
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

88
Q

What are the types of acetylcholine receptors (2)

A
  1. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

2. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

89
Q

What does the 2nd order neuron release in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

90
Q

What does the 2nd order neuron release in the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

91
Q

Where are the important areas that cholinergics like ACh are produced in (3)

A
  1. Dorsal lateral pons
  2. Basal forebrain
  3. Medial septum
92
Q

What are the 9 CNS functions of ACh

A
  1. Memory
  2. Learning
  3. Aggression
  4. Grand Mal seizures
  5. Sensory perception
  6. Behavioral arousal
  7. Energy conservation
  8. Motor coordination
  9. REM sleep
93
Q

What is the precursor to catecholamines

A

Tyrosine

94
Q

What is the precursor to indoleamines

A

Tryptophan

95
Q

What is the precursor to histamine

A

Histidine

96
Q

What is the precursor to acetylcholine

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline

97
Q

What are the 3 catecholamines

A
  1. Dopamine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Epinephrine
98
Q

What is the indolemine

A
  1. Serotonin (5-HT)
99
Q

What do all catecholamines have

A

Catechol group

100
Q

How is dopamine made

A

Tyrosine 5-hydroxylase converts tyrosine into dopa which is then converted to dopamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

101
Q

What is the rate limiting step for the production of dopamine

A

Tyrosine 5-hydroxylase

102
Q

What is Dopa used for

A

Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

103
Q

True or False:

Dopa is able to cross the blood brain barrier while dopamine is not able to cross the blood brain barrier

A

True

104
Q

Why is dopa used to treat Parkinson’s Disease

A

It is able to cross the blood brain barrier so it can get into the brain

105
Q

What is dopamine a precursor for (2)

A
  1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

106
Q

How is norepinephrine made

A

Dopamine b-hydroxylase converts dopamine into norepinephrine

107
Q

How is epinephrine made

A

Phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT) converts norepinephrine into epinephrine

108
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of dopamine receptors

A

D1. D2, D3, D4, and D5

109
Q

Are D1 like dopamine excitatory or inhibitory receptors

A

Excitatory (Gs)

110
Q

Are D2 like dopamine inhibitory or inhibitory receptors

A

Inhibitory (Gi)

111
Q

True or False:

You have to be very specific to the type of dopamine receptor you want

A

True

112
Q

Where does the mesolimbic run to and from

A

Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens and amygdala

113
Q

What is the function of the mesolimbic tract (3)

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Drug addiction
  3. Schizophrenia
114
Q

The mesolimbic provides the feeling of what

A

Wanting something

115
Q

Where does the mesocortical run to and from

A

Ventral tegmental area to the prefrontal cortex

116
Q

What is the function of the mesocortical tract (2)

A
  1. Short term memory (STM)

2. Planning

117
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal run to and from

A

Substantia nigra to the basal ganglia

118
Q

What is the function of the nigrostriatal tract (1)

A
  1. Movement
119
Q

What tract is not functioning in people with Parkinson’s Disease

A

Nigrostriatal tract

120
Q

What are the 3 spots dopamine goes in the brain to perform it’s functions

A
  1. Mesolimbic
  2. Mesocortical
  3. Nigrostriatal
121
Q

Where is dopamine made (2)

A
  1. Substantia nigra

2. Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

122
Q

Where does norepinephrine have a function (2)

A
  1. Brain

2. Autonomic nervous system

123
Q

Where is norepinephrine produced

A

Locus coeruleus

124
Q

True or False:

Norepinephrine projects to almost every brain region

A

True

125
Q

What are 2 big functions of norepinephrine

A
  1. Vigalance

2. Attentiveness

126
Q

Where is norepinephrine stored and released from

A

Axonal varicosities

127
Q

How do axonal varicosities release norepinephrine

A

Paracrine secretion

128
Q

What order neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release norepinephrine

A

2nd order neurons

129
Q

What receptors effectively bind epinephrine (4)

A
  1. Alpha 1
  2. Alpha 2
  3. Beta 1
  4. Beta 2
130
Q

What receptors effectively bind norepinephrine (3)

A
  1. Alpha 1
  2. Alpha 2
  3. Beta 1
131
Q

What effect do alpha 1 receptors have on the body

A

Vasoconstriction of skin and GI

132
Q

What effect do alpha 2 receptors have on the body

A

Neural

133
Q

What effect do beta 1 receptors have on the body

A

Increases heart rate

134
Q

What effect do beta 2 receptors have on the body

A

Vasodilation of skeletal muscle

135
Q

What type of receptor are alpha 1 and 2 and beta 1 and 2

A

Metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors

136
Q

True or False:

Norepinephrine causes explosive responses

A

True

137
Q

How are catecholamines inactivated

A

They are taken in from the synaptic cleft by catecholamine transporter and is inactivated by monoamine oxidase

138
Q

How does cocaine enhance the effects of dopamine

A

Cocaine blocks dopamine transporter

139
Q

True or False:

Tryptophan is in all meat not just turkey

A

True

140
Q

What do all indoleamines have

A

Indole group

141
Q

How is serotonin made

A

Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase converts tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptophan which is converted into serotonin by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

142
Q

How are indoleamines inactivated

A

They are brought back in from the synaptic cleft by 5-HT transporterand is inactivated by monoamine oxidase

143
Q

What are the functions of serotonin (6)

A
  1. Mood
  2. Sensory
  3. Perception,
  4. Sleep
  5. Arousal
  6. Pain
144
Q

Where is serotonin made

A

The raphe nucleus

145
Q

Where is serotonin released in the brain

A

Everywhere

146
Q

What effect the inactivation of serotonin (3)

A
  1. Antidepressants
  2. SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
  3. MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor)
147
Q

True or False:

MAOIs effect dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine as well

A

True

148
Q

How are neuropeptides inactivated

A

Peptidases degrade the bioactive peptides into inactive fragments

149
Q

True or False:

In general they are a metabotropic receptor deactivated by peptidases

A

True

150
Q

What are low density vesicles (LDV)

A

The are vesicles filled with neuropeptide

151
Q

What do low density vesicles look like

A

Big dark black circles

152
Q

What peptide is colocalized with acetlycholine (1)

A

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

153
Q

What peptide is colocalized with norepinephrine (3)

A
  1. Somatostatin
  2. Enkephalin
  3. Cholecystokinin
154
Q

What peptide is colocalized with dopamine (2)

A
  1. Cholecystokinin

2. Enkphalin

155
Q

What peptide is colocalized with epinephrine (1)

A
  1. Enkephalin
156
Q

What peptide is colocalized with serotonin (2)

A
  1. Substance P

2. Thyrotropin releasing hormone

157
Q

True or False:

In one terminal button there can be release of multiple chemicals at once

A

True

158
Q

What does an agonist do to the postsynaptic cell

A

Causes an enhanced response

159
Q

What does an antagonist do to the postsynaptic cell

A

Causes an inhibited response in postsynaptic cell

160
Q

What is psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of exogenous drugs on the nervous system and on behavior

161
Q

What type of activity does stimulating an auto receptor have agonist or antagonist and why

A

Antagonist because it says there is too much NT in the synapse

162
Q

What does tetrahydrocannabinoid stimulate

A

Cannabinoid recptors in the cerebellum, globus pallidus, hippocampus, and substantia nigra

163
Q

What was the first natural ligand for THC discovered

A

Anandamide

164
Q

True or False:

There are very few THC receptors in the brain stem so it has a low toxicity and won’t kill you

A

True

165
Q

How does LSD (lysergic acid diethylamine) affect the body

A

Distortion of visual perception

166
Q

How does MDMA (ectasy) affect the body

A

Excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

167
Q

True or False:

LSD messes with serotonin

A

True

Neuro (15 decks)

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