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Neuro > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

How did they determine if Na+ was important for NT release

A

Using tetrodotoxin

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2
Q

Where is tertodotoxin from

A

Pufferfish

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3
Q

What does tetrodotoxin do

A

Blocks voltage gated Na+ channels

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4
Q

When you eat pufferfish what happens to your tongue

A

It goes numb

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5
Q

Is Na+ important for NT release and why

A

No, because blocking Na+ voltage gated channels had no effect on the transmission of an impulse

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6
Q

How did they determine if K+ was important for NT release

A

Using tetraethylammonium (TEA)

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7
Q

What does terteethylammonium do

A

Blocks voltage gated K+ channels

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8
Q

IS K+ important for NT release and why

A

No, because blocking K+ voltage gated channels had no effect on the transmission of an impulse

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9
Q

What happens when both Na+ and K+ cause more blocked

A

We see that more depolarization leads to more NT release

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10
Q

True or False:

There is a high number of Ca++ channels at the terminal button

A

True

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11
Q

How does blocking both Na+ and K+ more NT release

A

The presynaptic cell is depolarized causing Ca++ to enter the terminal button which causes an increased amount f NT release

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12
Q

What opens the Ca++ voltage gated channels

A

Depolarization of the terminal button (presynpatic cell)

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13
Q

Where are presynaptic Ca++ channels concentrated in the terminal button

A

The active zone

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14
Q

Where are the active zones of the terminal button located

A

Directly across from postsynaptic receptors

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15
Q

What is the active zone

A

The place NT is released

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16
Q

Do Ca++ channels open quickly or slowly

A

Slowly

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17
Q

What happens as soon as Ca++ channels open

A

NT is released

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18
Q

What does NT being released as soon as Ca++ channels opens mean

A

Indicates that NT is primed and ready to be released

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of voltage gated Ca++ channels

A
  1. High voltage activated Ca++ channels

2. Low voltage activated Ca++ channels

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20
Q

What type of Ca++ channels are more common

A

High voltage activated Ca++ channels

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21
Q

What are low voltage activated Ca++ channels important for

A

Things that require tonic firing

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22
Q

Where are low voltage activated Ca++ channels located

A

Pacemaker firing in the heart

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23
Q

How does Ca++ cause the release of NT

A

Activates vesicles to exocytosis NT into synaptic cleft

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24
Q

Where are the vesicles located

A

The active zone

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25
Q

True or False:

Some vesicles are docked at the active zone

A

True

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26
Q

How are active zones oriented

A

Linear at the NMJ

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27
Q

What are the shapes of the active zones

A

Disc shaped at central synapses

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28
Q

What are the parallel rows of particles thought to be

A

Voltage gated Ca++ channels

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29
Q

What is the vesicle membrane made of

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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30
Q

What are the divots, pockets, or big dots

A

Vesicles that fused with the membrane

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of vesicle fusion

A
  1. Reversible fusion pore

2. Clathrin mediated

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32
Q

What are the 2 type of reversible fusion pore

A
  1. Kiss method

2. Low stimulation

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33
Q

What is the type of clathrin mediated

A

Sustained stimulation

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34
Q

What is the vesicle attached to the membrane by in reversible fusion pore

A

By a stalk

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35
Q

Are the vesicles open for a long time or short period of time in reversible fusion pore

A

Short period of time

36
Q

What are the 2 types of the kiss method

A
  1. Kiss and stay

2. Kiss and run

37
Q

What is kiss and stay

A

Vesicle stays docked after NT release

38
Q

What is the kiss and run method

A

Vesicle moves to a vesicle pool after NT release

39
Q

What happens to the vesicle in clathrin mediated fusion

A

The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane

40
Q

What shape does the vesicle make when it is fusing with the plasma membrane

A

Omega shaped and eventually flattens out

41
Q

What is the vesicle membrane coated in during clathrin mediated fusion

A

Clathrin

42
Q

What does clathrin look like on the outside of a vesicle

A

A bunch of dots around the vesicle

43
Q

What does the clathrin help with

A

Helps the vesicle be taken back into the terminal button via endocytosis

44
Q

What can happen to the vesicle after it has been endocytosised

A

It can be reused or recycled

45
Q

What happens once the vesicle is taken back into the terminal button

A

The clathrin is removed and the vesicle is either filled again (reused) or goes and is stored in the endosome (recycled)

46
Q

The kiss and stay method would be like doing what in basketball

A

Standing in one spot and dribbling the ball

47
Q

The kiss and run method would be like doing what in basketball

A

Moving and dribbling the ball

48
Q

What happens once the vesicle fuses with the membrane

A

The NT is released into the synapse via exocytosis

49
Q

What are the steps of vesicle fusion (3)

A
  1. The action potential reaches the terminal button
  2. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  3. Vesicles fuse to the membrane
50
Q

What does the pool of vesicles at the active zone allow for

A

Large NT release occurs when AP reaches the terminal button

51
Q

What protein is important for vesicles docking at the active zone

A

Synapsin

52
Q

What does synapsin bind to

A

Vesicles and cytoskeleton

53
Q

What does synapsin prevent

A

The vesicle from binding to the cell membrane

54
Q

What happens to the synapsin when the terminal button is depolarized

A

It is phosphorylated

55
Q

What does phosphorylation of synapsin cause

A

Vesicle to be released from actin allowing it to bind to the membrane

56
Q

What are the 2 proteins involved in vesicle fusion

A
  1. V-snare

2. T-snare

57
Q

What is V-snare

A

Vesicle membrane associated proteins

58
Q

What is T-snare

A

Cell membrane associated proteins

59
Q

What is the name of the V-snare protein

A

Synaptobrevin

60
Q

What are the names of the 2 T-snare proteins

A
  1. Syntaxin

2. SNAP-25

61
Q

What does synaptobrevin do

A

Forms a tight complex with syntaxin and SNAP-25

62
Q

What are synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 bound by

A

Munc 18

63
Q

What protein is important for calcium mediation

A

Synaptotagmin

64
Q

Is synaptotagmin associated with the vesicle or cell membrane

A

Vesicle

65
Q

What is synaptotagmin attached to

A

Snare proteins

66
Q

What does synaptotagmin act like

A

A switch

67
Q

What does synaptotagmin do

A

Binds Ca++ which activates synpatotagmin resulting in a conformational change in proteins causing the vesicle to touch the membrane leading to fusion of the vesicle and NT release

68
Q

How many Ca++ bind to synaptotagmin

A

5 Ca++

69
Q

Protein Review:

What is synapsin important for and what does it do

A

Important for vesicle docking and it binds to actin associated with the vesicle

70
Q

Protein Review:

What type of protein is synaptobrevin and what is it’s association

A

V-snare protein and associated with the vesicle

71
Q

Protein Review:

What type of protein is syntaxin and what is it’s association and what does bind to

A

T-snare protein and associated with the cell membrane and binds to synaptobrevin

72
Q

Protein Review:

What type of protein is SNAP-25 and what is it’s association and what does bind to

A

T-snare protein and associated with the cell membrane and binds to synaptobrevin

73
Q

Protein Review:

What does Munc 18 do

A

Binds with V and T snares keeping them together

74
Q

Protein Review:

What is synaptotagmin attached to and what does it bind

A

Attached to the vesicle and binds Ca++

75
Q

What are the steps of activity in a chemical synapse (5)

A
  1. The action potential reaches the terminal
  2. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  3. Vesicles fuse to the membrane
  4. Contents of the vesicles diffuse to the postsynaptic receptor
  5. Binding of ligand to receptors affects postsynaptic cell
76
Q

When does the clathrin coating occur

A

When the vesicle undergoes endocytosis

77
Q

What ion is king in the terminal button

A

Ca++

78
Q

What is it called when synaptic strength can be modified

A

Synaptic plasticity

79
Q

What is tetanus

A

Rapid stimulation or depolarization of the presynaptic cell

80
Q

What does tetanus lead to

A

Long term potentiation (LTP)

81
Q

What is long term potentiation

A

A persistent strengthening of synapses that can last for several days

82
Q

What is an EPSP

A

Response in the postsynaptic cell is larger after tetanus

83
Q

True or False:

Synaptic strength can be modified through pre or postsynaptic mechanisms

A

True

84
Q

What are the 2 ways you can modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell

A
  1. Effect of Ca++ influx

2. Effect of NT amount

85
Q

How does Ca++ influx modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell

A

Increases the amount of Ca++ in the terminal button which increase the amount of active vesicles which increases the amount of NT released

86
Q

How does NT amount modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell

A

More NT in terminal button means more NT can be released into the synaptic cleft

87
Q

What causes long term depression (LTD)

A

The tetanus being spread out

Neuro (15 decks)

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