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Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

How did they determine if Na+ was important for NT release

A

Using tetrodotoxin

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2
Q

Where is tertodotoxin from

A

Pufferfish

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3
Q

What does tetrodotoxin do

A

Blocks voltage gated Na+ channels

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4
Q

When you eat pufferfish what happens to your tongue

A

It goes numb

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5
Q

Is Na+ important for NT release and why

A

No, because blocking Na+ voltage gated channels had no effect on the transmission of an impulse

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6
Q

How did they determine if K+ was important for NT release

A

Using tetraethylammonium (TEA)

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7
Q

What does terteethylammonium do

A

Blocks voltage gated K+ channels

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8
Q

IS K+ important for NT release and why

A

No, because blocking K+ voltage gated channels had no effect on the transmission of an impulse

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9
Q

What happens when both Na+ and K+ cause more blocked

A

We see that more depolarization leads to more NT release

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10
Q

True or False:

There is a high number of Ca++ channels at the terminal button

A

True

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11
Q

How does blocking both Na+ and K+ more NT release

A

The presynaptic cell is depolarized causing Ca++ to enter the terminal button which causes an increased amount f NT release

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12
Q

What opens the Ca++ voltage gated channels

A

Depolarization of the terminal button (presynpatic cell)

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13
Q

Where are presynaptic Ca++ channels concentrated in the terminal button

A

The active zone

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14
Q

Where are the active zones of the terminal button located

A

Directly across from postsynaptic receptors

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15
Q

What is the active zone

A

The place NT is released

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16
Q

Do Ca++ channels open quickly or slowly

A

Slowly

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17
Q

What happens as soon as Ca++ channels open

A

NT is released

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18
Q

What does NT being released as soon as Ca++ channels opens mean

A

Indicates that NT is primed and ready to be released

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19
Q

What are the 2 types of voltage gated Ca++ channels

A
  1. High voltage activated Ca++ channels

2. Low voltage activated Ca++ channels

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20
Q

What type of Ca++ channels are more common

A

High voltage activated Ca++ channels

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21
Q

What are low voltage activated Ca++ channels important for

A

Things that require tonic firing

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22
Q

Where are low voltage activated Ca++ channels located

A

Pacemaker firing in the heart

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23
Q

How does Ca++ cause the release of NT

A

Activates vesicles to exocytosis NT into synaptic cleft

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24
Q

Where are the vesicles located

A

The active zone

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25
True or False: | Some vesicles are docked at the active zone
True
26
How are active zones oriented
Linear at the NMJ
27
What are the shapes of the active zones
Disc shaped at central synapses
28
What are the parallel rows of particles thought to be
Voltage gated Ca++ channels
29
What is the vesicle membrane made of
Phospholipid bilayer
30
What are the divots, pockets, or big dots
Vesicles that fused with the membrane
31
What are the 2 types of vesicle fusion
1. Reversible fusion pore | 2. Clathrin mediated
32
What are the 2 type of reversible fusion pore
1. Kiss method | 2. Low stimulation
33
What is the type of clathrin mediated
Sustained stimulation
34
What is the vesicle attached to the membrane by in reversible fusion pore
By a stalk
35
Are the vesicles open for a long time or short period of time in reversible fusion pore
Short period of time
36
What are the 2 types of the kiss method
1. Kiss and stay | 2. Kiss and run
37
What is kiss and stay
Vesicle stays docked after NT release
38
What is the kiss and run method
Vesicle moves to a vesicle pool after NT release
39
What happens to the vesicle in clathrin mediated fusion
The vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
40
What shape does the vesicle make when it is fusing with the plasma membrane
Omega shaped and eventually flattens out
41
What is the vesicle membrane coated in during clathrin mediated fusion
Clathrin
42
What does clathrin look like on the outside of a vesicle
A bunch of dots around the vesicle
43
What does the clathrin help with
Helps the vesicle be taken back into the terminal button via endocytosis
44
What can happen to the vesicle after it has been endocytosised
It can be reused or recycled
45
What happens once the vesicle is taken back into the terminal button
The clathrin is removed and the vesicle is either filled again (reused) or goes and is stored in the endosome (recycled)
46
The kiss and stay method would be like doing what in basketball
Standing in one spot and dribbling the ball
47
The kiss and run method would be like doing what in basketball
Moving and dribbling the ball
48
What happens once the vesicle fuses with the membrane
The NT is released into the synapse via exocytosis
49
What are the steps of vesicle fusion (3)
1. The action potential reaches the terminal button 2. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open 3. Vesicles fuse to the membrane
50
What does the pool of vesicles at the active zone allow for
Large NT release occurs when AP reaches the terminal button
51
What protein is important for vesicles docking at the active zone
Synapsin
52
What does synapsin bind to
Vesicles and cytoskeleton
53
What does synapsin prevent
The vesicle from binding to the cell membrane
54
What happens to the synapsin when the terminal button is depolarized
It is phosphorylated
55
What does phosphorylation of synapsin cause
Vesicle to be released from actin allowing it to bind to the membrane
56
What are the 2 proteins involved in vesicle fusion
1. V-snare | 2. T-snare
57
What is V-snare
Vesicle membrane associated proteins
58
What is T-snare
Cell membrane associated proteins
59
What is the name of the V-snare protein
Synaptobrevin
60
What are the names of the 2 T-snare proteins
1. Syntaxin | 2. SNAP-25
61
What does synaptobrevin do
Forms a tight complex with syntaxin and SNAP-25
62
What are synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 bound by
Munc 18
63
What protein is important for calcium mediation
Synaptotagmin
64
Is synaptotagmin associated with the vesicle or cell membrane
Vesicle
65
What is synaptotagmin attached to
Snare proteins
66
What does synaptotagmin act like
A switch
67
What does synaptotagmin do
Binds Ca++ which activates synpatotagmin resulting in a conformational change in proteins causing the vesicle to touch the membrane leading to fusion of the vesicle and NT release
68
How many Ca++ bind to synaptotagmin
5 Ca++
69
Protein Review: | What is synapsin important for and what does it do
Important for vesicle docking and it binds to actin associated with the vesicle
70
Protein Review: | What type of protein is synaptobrevin and what is it's association
V-snare protein and associated with the vesicle
71
Protein Review: | What type of protein is syntaxin and what is it's association and what does bind to
T-snare protein and associated with the cell membrane and binds to synaptobrevin
72
Protein Review: | What type of protein is SNAP-25 and what is it's association and what does bind to
T-snare protein and associated with the cell membrane and binds to synaptobrevin
73
Protein Review: | What does Munc 18 do
Binds with V and T snares keeping them together
74
Protein Review: | What is synaptotagmin attached to and what does it bind
Attached to the vesicle and binds Ca++
75
What are the steps of activity in a chemical synapse (5)
1. The action potential reaches the terminal 2. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open 3. Vesicles fuse to the membrane 4. Contents of the vesicles diffuse to the postsynaptic receptor 5. Binding of ligand to receptors affects postsynaptic cell
76
When does the clathrin coating occur
When the vesicle undergoes endocytosis
77
What ion is king in the terminal button
Ca++
78
What is it called when synaptic strength can be modified
Synaptic plasticity
79
What is tetanus
Rapid stimulation or depolarization of the presynaptic cell
80
What does tetanus lead to
Long term potentiation (LTP)
81
What is long term potentiation
A persistent strengthening of synapses that can last for several days
82
What is an EPSP
Response in the postsynaptic cell is larger after tetanus
83
True or False: | Synaptic strength can be modified through pre or postsynaptic mechanisms
True
84
What are the 2 ways you can modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell
1. Effect of Ca++ influx | 2. Effect of NT amount
85
How does Ca++ influx modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell
Increases the amount of Ca++ in the terminal button which increase the amount of active vesicles which increases the amount of NT released
86
How does NT amount modify synaptic strength in the presynaptic cell
More NT in terminal button means more NT can be released into the synaptic cleft
87
What causes long term depression (LTD)
The tetanus being spread out

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