Chapter 10

Question 1

recognition heuristic

Answer 1

higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative

Question 2

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 2

measure of individual abilites relative to a statistically normal curve

Question 3

functional fixedness

Answer 3

possible barrier to successful problem solving; concept is considered only in its most typical form

Question 4

intelligence

Answer 4

ability to understand complex ideas, adapt effectively, learn from experience, reason, and overcome obstacles

Question 5

exemplar

Answer 5

specific member of the category used to represent the category

Question 6

cognition

Answer 6

internal mental processes including information processing, problem solving, thinking, and reasoning

Question 7

concept

Answer 7

organizing principle derived from experience

Question 8

phoneme

Answer 8

speech sound

Question 9

problem

Answer 9

situation in which a current state is seperated from an ideal state by obstacles

Question 10

general intelligence (g)

Answer 10

measure of an individual’s overall abilities as opposed to specific abilities

Question 11

crystallized intelligence

Answer 11

ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge

Question 12

giftedness

Answer 12

extreme of intelligence defined as having an IQ score of 130 or above

Question 13

problem solving

Answer 13

use of information to meet a specific goal

Question 14

prototype

Answer 14

representation of a category made by averaging all members of the category

Question 15

morpheme

Answer 15

smallest component of speech that carries meaning

Question 16

fluid intelligence

Answer 16

ability to think logically without the need to use learned knowledge

Question 17

affect heuristic

Answer 17

choice between alternatives based on emotional or “gut” reaction to stimuli

Question 18

representativeness heuristic

Answer 18

stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than dissimilar stimuli

Question 19

availability heuristic

Answer 19

frequency of an events occurrence is predicted by the ease of which it is thought of

Question 20

language

Answer 20

system of communicating thoughts and feelings using arbitrary signals

Question 21

intellectual disability

Answer 21

condition diagnosed in individuals with an IQ score below 70 and poor adaptive behaviours

Question 22

heuristic

Answer 22

shortcut to problem solving; also known as rule of thumb

Question 23

bilingual

Answer 23

proficient in two languages

Question 24

aphasia

Answer 24

loss of the ability to speak or understand languages

Question 25

algorithm

Answer 25

precise, step-by-step rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem

Question 26

the sapir-whorf hypothesis

Answer 26

linguistic determination vs linguisitic relativism

Question 27

representation

Answer 27

anything that stands in for or corresponds to something else

Question 28

mental representation

Answer 28

a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality

Question 29

categorization

Answer 29

the process of grouping things based on shared information

Question 30

classical categorization

Answer 30

objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules or specific set of features

Question 31

reasoning

Answer 31

using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable

Question 32

decision making

Answer 32

attempting to select the best alternative among several options

Question 33

deductive reasoning

Answer 33

reason from general to specific by using a belief or rule to determine if a conclusion is valid

Question 34

inductive reasoning

Answer 34

reason from specific to general by using examples or instances to determine if a conclusion is likely to be true

Question 35

satisficer

Answer 35

"good enough" approach to decision making

Question 36

maximizer

Answer 36

"best possible outcome" approach to decision making

Question 37

framing effects

Answer 37

changes in the way information is percieved as a result of the way in which it was presented

Question 38

factor analysis

Answer 38

a statistical method the looks at how lots of different observations correlate and determines how many theoretical constructs could most simply explain what you see

Question 39

Stanovich's notion of 'disrationalia'

Answer 39

the inability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence

Question 40

the Cognitive Reflection Test

Answer 40

better predictor of performance on heuristics and biases problems than IQ-type measures

Question 41

Carol Dweck mindset theory

Answer 41

fixed mindset vs. growth mindset

Question 42

Stanberg's 3 intelligences theory

Answer 42

analytical, creative, practical

Question 43

Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences theory

Answer 43

people can show skill in a variety of domains. related to learning styles theory

Question 44

emotional intelligence (EQ)

Answer 44

social intelligence that emphasizes the ability to manage one's emotions, recognize emotions in others, understand emotional language, and use emotions to guide thoughts and actions