Chapter 9

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

ability to retain knowledge

Question 2

semantic memory

Answer 2

includes general knowledge. declarative memory

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

include personal experiences. declarative memory

Question 4

autobiographical memory

Answer 4

includes semantic or episodic experiences that reference the self

Question 5

procedural memory

Answer 5

includes nondeclarative or implicit experiences for how to carry out skilled movement

Question 6

priming

Answer 6

change in response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus

Question 7

information processing

Answer 7

continuum including attention, sensation, perception, learning, memory, and cognition

Question 8

encoding

Answer 8

transformation of information from one form to another

Question 9

storage

Answer 9

retention of information

Question 10

retrieval

Answer 10

recovery of stored information

Question 11

sensory memory

Answer 11

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; briefly holds large amounts of incoming data

Question 12

short-term memory (STM)

Answer 12

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; holds a small amount of information for a limited time

Question 13

rehearsal

Answer 13

repetition of information

Question 14

chunking

Answer 14

process of grouping meaningful or similar information together

Question 15

working memory

Answer 15

extension of the concept of short-term memory; actively manipulates multiple types of information simultaneously

Question 16

long-term memory

Answer 16

stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model; the location of permanent storage data

Question 17

levels of processing theory

Answer 17

continuum of elaborative rehearsal applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval

Question 18

declarative memory

Answer 18

conscious retrieval of information that is easy to verbalize

Question 19

nondeclarative memory

Answer 19

unconscious and effortless retrieval of information that is difficult to verbalize

Question 20

spreading activation model

Answer 20

connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences

Question 21

schema

Answer 21

set of expectations about objects and situations

Question 22

cue

Answer 22

stimulus that aids retrieval

Question 23

encoding specificity

Answer 23

process in which memories incorporate unique combinations of information when categorized

Question 24

reconstruction

Answer 24

rebuilding a memory out of stored elements

Question 25

flashbulb memory

Answer 25

especially vivid and detailed memories of an emotional event

Question 26

forgetting

Answer 26

decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory

Question 27

decay

Answer 27

reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

Question 28

interference

Answer 28

competition between newer and older information in memory

Question 29

motivated forgetting

Answer 29

failure to retrieve negative memories

Question 30

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 30

enhancement of communication between two neurons resulting from their synchronous activation

Question 31

mnemonic

Answer 31

memory aid that links new information to well-known information

Question 32

attention is:

Answer 32

limited and selective

Question 33

parallel processing

Answer 33

searching for one feature is fast and automatic

Question 34

serial processing

Answer 34

searching for two or more features is slow and effortful

Question 35

information processing model

Answer 35

encoding phase, storage phase, retrieval phase

Question 36

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 36

actively thinking about something to remember it

Question 37

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

putting something into long-term memory

Question 38

working memory system components

Answer 38

phonological loop (auditory info), visuospatial sketchpad (visual info), episodic buffer (integrates info, links to LTM), central executive (control centre, directs attention to relevant info)

Question 39

explicit memory

Answer 39

the processes involved when people remember specific info. aka declarative memory

Question 40

implicit memory

Answer 40

the system underlying unconscious memories. aka nondeclarative memory

Question 41

context dependent memory

Answer 41

memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

Question 42

state dependent memory

Answer 42

memory enhancement that occurs when one's internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation

Question 43

medial temporal lobes

Answer 43

important for the consolidation of new explicit memories

Question 44

reconsolidation

Answer 44

occurs every time a memory is activated

Question 45

hippocampus

Answer 45

important for spatial memory

Question 46

proactive interference

Answer 46

when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 47

retroactive interference

Answer 47

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Question 48

visual codes

Answer 48

temporary storage for visual images. aka iconic memories

Question 49

haptic codes

Answer 49

temporarily stores touch and bodily sensations

Question 50

acoustic codes

Answer 50

temporarily stores sounds and words. aka echoic memories

Question 51

phonological loop

Answer 51

part of working memory. in charge of verbal and auditory information.

Question 52

visuospacial sketchpad

Answer 52

part of working memory. in charge of visual and spatial information

Question 53

central executive

Answer 53

part of working memory. decides how much attention should be paid to other parts of working memory.

Question 54

episodic buffer

Answer 54

part of working memory. combines LTM with working memory as needed

Question 55

primacy effect

Answer 55

superior recall of items at the top of a list

Question 56

recency effect

Answer 56

superior recall of items at the bottom of a list

Question 57

tip-of-the-tongue

Answer 57

recall is partial. exactly what it sounds like

Question 58

distributive practice

Answer 58

learning over time

Question 59

crammed practic

Answer 59

learning all at once

Question 60

Broca's aphasia

Answer 60

can understand language easily but has difficult time speaking it

Question 61

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 61

can speak language easily but has difficult time understanding it

Question 62

the Flynn affect

Answer 62

IQ test results are increasing